24-11-2016 INLE LAKE, MYANMAR - BLUE THROATED BARBET (Psilopogon asiaticus)

The blue-throated barbet (Psilopogon asiaticus ) is an Asian barbet native to the foothills of the Himalayas and Southeast Asia. It inhabits lowland and montane forests at elevations of 200–2,000 m (660–6,560 ft).It has bright green, blue and red plumage. The barbets get their name from the bristles which fringe their heavy bills; this species eats fruits and insects.

A common inhabitant of lowland and foothill tropical forests, where it sings brightly but often unseen from the canopy; listen for its repeated 3- or 4-syllabled ‘took-o-rrook!’ Tends to be more common in edge areas and degraded forests than other barbets. Bright green with a blue throat, a red-and-yellow crown, and a heavy, pale-based bill. Birds at the northern and western parts of this species’ range have a black brow, while southern birds don’t.

12-9-2018 ALBUFERA, VALENCIA - RED SWAMP CRAYFISH (Procambarus clarkii)

Procambarus clarkii, known variously as the red swamp crayfish, Louisiana crawfish or mudbug, is a species of cambarid crayfish native to freshwater bodies of northern Mexico, and southern and southeastern United States, but also introduced elsewhere (both in North America and other continents), where it is often an invasive pest.

P. clarkii is typically dark red, with long claws and head, small or no spines on the sides of its carapace just below the head, and rows of bright red bumps on the front and side of the first leg.

The native range of P. clarkii is from northern Mexico and far southeastern New Mexico, through the Gulf States to the Florida Panhandle, as well as inland north through the Mississippi Basin to southern Illinois. It has also been introduced, sometimes deliberately, outside its natural range to countries in Asia, Africa, Europe and elsewhere in the Americas. In northern Europe, the populations are self-maintaining but not expanding, while in southern Europe, P. clarkii is multiplying and actively colonizing new territories at the expense of the native crayfish, Astacus astacus and Austropotamobius spp. Individuals are reported to be able to cross many miles of relatively dry ground, especially in wet seasons, although the aquarium trade and anglers may have hastened the spread in some areas (anglers using P. clarkii as fishing bait are thought to have introduced it to the state of Washington). Attempts have also been made to use P. clarkii as a biological control organism, to reduce levels of the snails involved in the lifecycle of schistosomiasis, leading to the dispersal of P. clarkii in, for instance, Kenya.

In Europe, P. clarkii is included since 2016 in the list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern (the Union list). This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union.

P. clarkii is most commonly found in warm freshwater bodies such as slow-flowing rivers, marshes, reservoirs, irrigation systems and rice paddies. It is considered to be the most ecologically plastic species in the order Decapoda and is able to grow quickly even in only seasonally present water, being able to tolerate dry spells of up to four months. P. clarkii grows quickly, and is capable of reaching weights over 50 g (1.8 oz) and sizes of 5.5–12 cm (2.2–4.7 in) long. It is also able to tolerate slightly saline water, which is unusual for a crayfish. Additionally, P. clarkii are physiologically capable of tolerating relatively low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The average lifetime of P. clarkii is five years, although some individuals are known to have reached ages (in nature) of over six years.

The burrowing activities of P. clarkii can lead to damage to existing water courses and to crops, particularly rice, and its feeding can disrupt native ecosystems. It may outcompete the native crayfish species and is a vector for the crayfish plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci, for crayfish virus vibriosis and for a number of parasitic worms on vertebrates. Their burrowing activities may also be a threat to civil infrastructure such as storm ponds and levees.

In 2007, troglomorphic specimens of P. clarkii were found in central Portugal in the karst springs of the Rio Anços in the Sicó massif and of the Alviela River in the Estremenho massiff. In 2011, another cave-dwelling population was discovered in caves in the San Giuliano Terme municipality in the Province of Pisa in Italy. Both localities consist of karst landscapes with extensive cave formations. The Portuguese population is entirely depigmented, although pigmented specimens are present in nearby surface streams; the deepest recorded specimen was a male recovered at a depth of 240 metres (790 ft). 53% of Italian specimens displayed a blue-white coloration. The greater presence of pigmented individuals suggests either a more recent entrance, an external source of carotenoids, or movement between surface and underground waters. Collectively, these potations make up the first recorded instances of troglodytic crayfish in Europe. The invasive crayfish have the potential to pose an environmental threat to native stygobitic fauna, due to the crayfish's recorded ability to prey on diverse sources of food and the highly restricted ranges of native cave fauna.

Harvests of P. clarkii for food account for a large majority of the crayfish produced in the United States and elsewhere. Crayfish farming began in Louisiana in the 18th century, taking place in rice fields in a concurrent or alternate culture system. The concurrent polyculture of rice and crayfish combination makes good use of land, resources, equipment and infrastructure already being used for rice production.

However, crayfish production has decreased in recent years due to an increase of imports from China, which is now the world's leading producer of farmed crayfish using a rice-based system. A number of species of crustaceans were introduced to China to create markets for aquaculture and because they are better adapted to growing in a rice field than native fish species. Rice-fish farming originated in China and is once again growing as the yields from Green Revolution practices used to grow rice are no longer increasing, and resources such as land and water are becoming more limited. Crayfish are also cultivated as animal feed for poultry farms, fish farms and Chinese edible frog farms, or used to add into organic fertilizers.

P. clarkii has also been introduced elsewhere for cultivation, such as Spain, where its success is attributable to its ability to colonize disturbed habitats that would be unsuitable for the native crayfish (Astacus astacus). P. clarkii is also marketed by biological supply companies for teaching and research. P. clarkii also exhibits different colour morphs, including white, blue and orange, which are commonly sold in pet stores.

The introduction of P. clarkii has also resulted in economic losses in some regions. In the Baixo Mondego region of Portugal, it caused a decrease in 6.3% of profits in rice fields. However, this was on a wet-seeded field. All negative effects of crayfish can be avoided if adult crayfish are separated from the seed and seedlings.

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - VERVET MONKEY (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)

5-4-2018 PHINDA FOREST LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - NYALA (FEMALE) (Tragelaphus angusii)

The nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) is a spiral-horned antelope native to southern Africa. It was first described in 1849 by George French Angas. They are very shy cautious creatures. They inhabit thickets within dense and dry savanna woodlands and forage during the daylight hours. The main predators of the nyala are lion, leopard, and Cape hunting dog, while baboons and raptorial birds prey on juveniles.

The coat of the nyala is rusty or rufous brown in females and juveniles. It grows a dark brown or slate grey in adult males, often with a bluish tinge. Females and young males have ten or more white vertical stripes on their sides. Other markings are visible on the face, throat, flanks, and thighs. Stripes are very reduced or absent in older males. Both males and females have a white chevron between their eyes and a bushy tail white underside. Both sexes have a dorsal crest of hair running right from the back of the head to the end of the tail. Males have another line of hair along the midline of their chest and belly. Only the males have horns. Horns are 60-83 cm (24-33 in) long and yellow-tipped. There are one or two twists. The spoor is similar to that of the bushbuck, but larger. It is 5-6 cm (2-2.4 in) long. The nyala has hairy glands on its feet, which leave their scent wherever it walks.

Nyala are found across southeast Africa from the Lower Shire Valley in Malawi through Mozambique and Zimbabwe to eastern South Africa and Swaziland. They inhabit dense lowland woodlands, thickets, and lush green river country. They choose places with good quality grasslands as well as the provision of fresh water.

5-4-2018 PHINDA GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - PIN TAILED WHYDAH (Vidua macroura)

6-4-2018 PHINDA GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - COMMON WARTHOG (Phacochoerus Africus)

The Common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) is a wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only pig species that has adapted to grazing and savanna habitats.

A warthog has two pairs of tusks protruding from the mouth and curving upwards. The lower pair, which is far shorter than the upper pair, becomes razor-sharp by rubbing against the upper pair every time the mouth is opened and closed. The upper canine teeth can grow to 25.5 cm (10.0 in) long and have a wide elliptical cross-section, being about 4.5 cm (1.8 in) deep and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) wide. A tusk will curve 90° or more from the root, and will not lie flat on a table, as it curves somewhat backward as it grows. The tusks are not used for digging, but are used for combat with other hogs and in defense against predators - the lower set can inflict severe wounds. Common warthog ivory is taken from the constantly growing canine teeth. The tusks, particularly the upper set, work in much the same way as elephant tusks with all designs scaled down. Tusks are carved predominantly for the tourist trade in eastern and southern Africa. The head of the Common warthog is large, with a mane down the spine to the middle of the back. Sparse hair covers the body. Its color is usually black or brown. Tails are long and end with a tuft of hair. Common warthogs do not have subcutaneous fat and the coat is sparse, making them susceptible to extreme environmental temperatures.

22-4-2018 OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA - VERREAUX'S EAGLE OWL (Bubo lacteus)

The Verreaux's eagle-owl (Ketupa lactea), also known as the milky eagle owl or giant eagle owl, is a formidable presence in the avian world. As the largest owl found in Africa and the most massive in the tropics, it commands attention with its impressive stature. This species can reach up to 66 cm (26 in) in total length, with females typically out-sizing males. Its plumage is primarily a soft grey, with fine brownish vermiculations on the underside and more solid light brown with white spots on the shoulder. The facial disc is paler, often whitish, with stark black borders. However, its most distinctive feature is the bright pink eyelids, unique among owl species.

When observing Verreaux's eagle-owl, look for its large size, grey plumage, and the striking pink eyelids that are visible when the bird is at rest. The ear tufts are relatively small and may not be noticeable at a distance. The eyes are a deep brown, contrasting with the paler facial disc. In flight, its large wingspan is evident, which can reach nearly 164 cm (5 ft 5 in) in females.

Verreaux's eagle-owl favors dry, wooded savanna environments, often bordering semi-arid regions. It can also be found in riverine forests adjacent to savannas and in small, semi-open woodlands. This species is adaptable to various elevations, from sea level to mountainous areas up to 3,000 m (9,800 ft), though it is generally scarce in rocky terrains.

This eagle-owl is widespread across sub-Saharan Africa, with the highest densities in eastern and southern Africa. It is less common in the dense rainforests of west and central Africa, with a sporadic presence in transitional zones between the Sahara and rainforests.

Nocturnal by nature, Verreaux's eagle-owls spend their days roosting in trees, often on large horizontal branches. They are known to roost lightly, awakening quickly to defend themselves if necessary. Family groups, including offspring from previous years, may roost and preen together. Each pair defends a large territory, which can be up to 7,000 ha (17,000 acres) in size.

The call of the Verreaux's eagle-owl is the deepest among owls, with the male's song resembling a series of deep "gwok" sounds. The female's call is similar but higher-pitched. Their vocalizations can carry for considerable distances, facilitating communication between mates and territorial defense.

Verreaux's eagle-owls are monogamous and likely mate for life. They typically use large stick nests built by other birds, often on top of hamerkop nests or those constructed by large raptors. The female usually lays two white eggs, with the older chick often outcompeting the younger for food. Fledglings leave the nest before they can fly competently and remain dependent on their parents for several months.

Verreaux's eagle-owl is an opportunistic predator with a diet that includes mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and insects. It is known to be the only routine predator of hedgehogs in Africa, skillfully removing their prickly skins before consumption.

The IUCN lists Verreaux's eagle-owl as Least Concern due to its wide range and adaptability to habitat alterations. However, it occurs at low densities, and regional declines have been reported due to habitat destruction, persecution, and the effects of pesticides.

4-4-2018 PHINDA GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - COMMON IMPALA (FEMALE) (Aepyceros melampus ssp. melampus)

The impala or rooibok (Aepyceros melampus, lit. 'black-footed high-horn' in Ancient Greek) is a medium-sized antelope found in eastern and southern Africa. The only extant member of the genus Aepyceros, and tribe Aepycerotini, it was first described to Europeans by German zoologist Hinrich Lichtenstein in 1812. Two subspecies are recognised—the grassland-dwelling common impala (sometimes referred to as the Kenyan impala), and the larger and darker black-faced impala, which lives in slightly more arid, scrubland environments. The impala reaches 70–92 cm (28–36 in) at the shoulder and weighs 40–76 kg (88–168 lb). It features a glossy, reddish brown coat. The male's slender, lyre-shaped horns are 45–92 cm (18–36 in) long.

4-4-2018 PHINDA FOREST LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - MOCKING CLIFF-CHAT (MALE) (Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris)

The mocking cliff chat (Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris) presents a striking figure in the avian world. Males boast a glossy black plumage contrasted with a chestnut belly, vent, and rump, and are adorned with white shoulder patches whose size may vary across their range. Females, on the other hand, wear a more subdued dark grey with a chestnut lower breast, belly, and vent. These robust chats measure between 19–21 cm in length and tip the scales at a modest 41–51 grams.

When identifying the mocking cliff chat, look for the male's distinctive white shoulder patches and glossy black feathers, alongside the chestnut underparts. Females can be discerned by their grey plumage with chestnut coloring on the lower regions. Their tail-wagging behavior is also a helpful cue, as they tend to slowly raise it over their backs and fan it out.

This species is a connoisseur of rocky terrains, favoring boulder-strewn areas, wooded ravines, cliffs, gullies, and hillsides. They are also known to frequent watercourses in valley bottoms that are dotted with scattered rocks.

The mocking cliff chat is found in a neat band stretching from central Ethiopia through East Africa into Zimbabwe, southeastern Botswana, southern Mozambique, and eastern South Africa, reaching as far as the far east of Western Cape province.

The mocking cliff chat (Thamnolaea cinnamomeiventris) presents a striking figure in the avian world. Males boast a glossy black plumage contrasted with a chestnut belly, vent, and rump, and are adorned with white shoulder patches whose size may vary across their range. Females, on the other hand, wear a more subdued dark grey with a chestnut lower breast, belly, and vent. These robust chats measure between 19–21 cm in length and tip the scales at a modest 41–51 grams.

When identifying the mocking cliff chat, look for the male's distinctive white shoulder patches and glossy black feathers, alongside the chestnut underparts. Females can be discerned by their grey plumage with chestnut coloring on the lower regions. Their tail-wagging behavior is also a helpful cue, as they tend to slowly raise it over their backs and fan it out.

This species is a connoisseur of rocky terrains, favoring boulder-strewn areas, wooded ravines, cliffs, gullies, and hillsides. They are also known to frequent watercourses in valley bottoms that are dotted with scattered rocks.

The mocking cliff chat is found in a neat band stretching from central Ethiopia through East Africa into Zimbabwe, southeastern Botswana, southern Mozambique, and eastern South Africa, reaching as far as the far east of Western Cape province.

The mocking cliff chat is primarily insectivorous but has a diverse palate that includes fruit and nectar from plants like the Krantz aloe (Aloe arborescens). They exhibit a foraging technique that involves pouncing on ground prey from a perch and will also glean food from branches and foliage.

The species is known for its loud, fluty, melodious warbling song, which is a medley of rapid-fire phrases that mimic other birds, interspersed with some harsher tones.

Both sexes are involved in nest building, which takes about a week to complete. The nest is an open cup built upon a foundation of twigs, leaves, roots, and feathers, and lined with mammal hair. They are known to usurp the nests of striped swallows, often evicting them mid-use. Nests are typically sheltered by rock overhangs, bridges, culverts, or caves, and sometimes placed in wall holes or agricultural machinery cavities. In southern Africa, egg-laying occurs from August to December, peaking between September and November. Clutches usually contain 2-4 eggs, incubated by the female for 14–16 days. Both parents feed the chicks, which fledge at about three weeks old.

The white-crowned cliff chat (Thamnolaea coronata) of West Africa is sometimes considered conspecific with the mocking cliff chat.

The mocking cliff chat's diet is mainly composed of insects, supplemented by fruits and nectar from aloes. Their foraging behavior is characterized by perching and pouncing, as well as gleaning from foliage.

The mocking cliff chat is currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, indicating that, for now, this species does not face immediate threats to its survival.

15-4-2018 CHOBE NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA - GARDEN INSPECTOR (Precis archesia)

Precis archesia, the garden inspector or garden commodore, is a species of butterfly in the Nymphalidae family, native to Subsaharan Africa.

The Garden Commodore, or Garden Inspector, is a familiar butterfly occurring year round in South Africa, having quite distinctly marked dry season (April to August) and wet season (September to March) variations that could easily be taken to be altogether different species. Females are bigger than the males and at 6cm their wingspan is at least 1cm wider than that of the males. With their wings closed Garden Commodores, especially the dry season form, resemble dead leaves.

As their name suggests, the Garden Inspector is commonly seen in well planted gardens, but their natural habitat is rocky, grass- and savanna-covered hills. They are fast flyers and often land in the open, on bare ground, rocks or pathways. In South Africa they are found from the Eastern Cape, through Kwazulu-Natal into the Lowveld and Bushveld regions of the country.

20-4-2018 OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA - AFRICAN LION (FEMALE) (Panthera leo)

The lion (Panthera leo) is a large cat of the genus Panthera, native to Africa and India. It has a muscular, broad-chested body; a short, rounded head; round ears; and a dark, hairy tuft at the tip of its tail. It is sexually dimorphic; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. It is a social species, forming groups called prides. A lion's pride consists of a few adult males, related females, and cubs. Groups of female lions usually hunt together, preying mostly on medium-sized and large ungulates. The lion is an apex and keystone predator.

20-4-2018 OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA - SOUTHERN AFRICAN GIRAFFE (Giraffa giraffa ssp. giraffa)

The South African giraffe or Cape giraffe (Giraffa giraffa or Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) is a species or subspecies of giraffe found in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Eswatini and Mozambique. It has rounded or blotched spots, some with star-like extensions on a light tan background, running down to the hooves.

In 2016, the population was estimated at 31,500 individuals in the wild.

The IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies. The Cape giraffe, along with the whole species, were first known by the binomen Camelopardalis giraffa as described by German naturalist Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber in his publication Die Säugethiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur mit Beschreibungen (The Mammals Illustrated from Nature with Descriptions) during his travel in the Cape of Good Hope in 1784. Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert also described it under the binomial name Giraffa giraffa whilst also identifying the nominate specimen of said species under the ternary name Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa in 1785.

The South African giraffe has dark, somewhat rounded patches "with some fine projections" on a tawny background colour. The spots extend down the legs and get smaller. The median lump of males is less developed.

The South African giraffe is found in northern South Africa, southern Botswana, southern Zimbabwe, and south-western Mozambique. After local extinctions in various places, South African giraffes have been reintroduced in many parts of Southern Africa, including in Eswatini. They are common in both in and outside of protected areas. South African giraffes usually live in savannahs and woodlands where food plants are available. Giraffes are herbivorous. They feed on leaves, flowers, fruits and shoots of woody plants such as Acacia.

South African giraffes live in a fission–fusion society system based on factors such as sex, age, season, and kinship. This allows them to adapt to environmental changes.

At present[when?], the South African giraffe population is estimated at 37,000 individuals, showing an increase of over 150% over the past three decades. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature, the body that administers the world's official endangered species list, announced in 2016 that it was moving the giraffe from a species of Least Concern to Vulnerable status in its Red List of Threatened Species report. That means the animal faces extinction in the wild in the medium-term future if nothing is done to minimize the threats to its life or habitat.

South African giraffes are uncommon in captivity. As of 2010, there are around 45 South African giraffes breeding in zoos. Approximately 12,000 privately owned farms, ranches, and national parks maintain populations of this giraffe.

22-4-2018 OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA - BATELEUR EAGLE (Terathopius ecaudatus)

The Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) is a medium-sized eagle known for its striking appearance and unique flight characteristics. It is the sole member of the genus Terathopius and is closely related to snake eagles. Adults are predominantly black with chestnut on the mantle, rump, and tail, and have distinctive red facial skin and feet. Juveniles are drab brown with paler scaling. The species is characterized by a very large head, small bill, large feet, short legs, long wings, and an exceptionally short tail, which is even shorter in adults.

Bateleurs are generally silent but may emit a loud, raucous "schaaaa-aw" when excited or during courtship. They also produce resonant barking calls and softer calls near the nest.

Bateleurs build small but sturdy stick nests in large trees and lay a single egg. They may take up to 7 to 8 years to reach full maturity. The species is known for its elaborate courtship displays.

Juvenile Bateleurs could be confused with brown snake eagles due to their similar size and proportions, but the latter have yellow eyes and longer legs.

Bateleurs have a generalist diet that includes carrion and a wide range of live prey, such as mammals, birds, and reptiles. They forage from flight, often descending in tight spirals to investigate potential food.

The Bateleur is classified as Endangered by the IUCN due to pronounced population declines caused by habitat destruction, pesticide usage, and persecution. The species is mostly confined to protected areas today.

22-4-2018 OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA - AFRICAN OPENBILL (Anastomus lamelligerus)

5-9-2018 ALBUFERA, VALENCIA - WOOD SANDPIPER (Tringa glareola)

The Wood Sandpiper, Tringa glareola, presents as a small wader, the most diminutive of the shanks within the Scolopacidae family. It is characterized by its fine bill, brown back, and notably longer yellowish legs, giving it a delicate appearance.

When identifying the Wood Sandpiper, look for a bird with a longer-legged stature compared to the Green Sandpiper (T. ochropus) or the Solitary Sandpiper (T. solitaria). It can be distinguished from the Green Sandpiper by its smaller and less contrasting white rump patch, while the Solitary Sandpiper lacks a white rump patch entirely.

During migration and wintering periods, the Wood Sandpiper is typically found on freshwater bodies, where it can be seen probing in shallow waters or wet mud.

The Wood Sandpiper breeds in the subarctic wetlands, ranging from the Scottish Highlands across Europe and into the Palearctic. It migrates to Africa, Southern Asia, particularly India, and Australia. Notably, vagrant birds have reached as far as the Hawaiian Islands, and it is a regular visitor to the Mariana Islands and Palau.

This species exhibits a probing foraging style, mainly consuming insects and similar small prey. It nests on the ground or may opportunistically use an abandoned tree nest of another bird species.

Breeding occurs in subarctic wetlands, with four pale green eggs laid between March and May, either on the ground or in reused nests from other bird species like the Fieldfare.

The Wood Sandpiper can be confused with the Green Sandpiper or the Solitary Sandpiper but can be differentiated by leg length, bill size, and the presence or absence of a white rump patch.

The diet consists primarily of insects and small prey, which the Wood Sandpiper forages for by probing in shallow waters or on wet mud.

The Wood Sandpiper is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, indicating a widespread and stable population. It is also protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA).

5-9-2018 ALBUFERA, VALENCIA - SQUACCO HERON (Ardeola ralloides)

The Squacco Heron, Ardeola ralloides, is a diminutive member of the heron family, measuring a mere 44–47 cm in length, with a compact body of 20–23 cm and a wingspan stretching 80–92 cm. This species is adorned with a buff-brown back and, during the summer months, adults boast elongated neck feathers that add to their allure.

In the field, one may identify the Squacco Heron by its stocky build, abbreviated neck, and stout bill. Its back is cloaked in a buff-brown hue. When in flight, the heron undergoes a remarkable transformation, revealing a predominantly white plumage that contrasts starkly with its resting appearance.

The Squacco Heron favors marshy wetlands in temperate regions for its habitat, where the water is warm and inviting.

Originating from the Old World, the Squacco Heron breeds in the southern reaches of Europe and extends into the Greater Middle East. When not breeding, it migrates to winter in the African continent.

This species is migratory by nature, seeking the warmer climates of Africa to spend the winter. It is seldom seen north of its breeding grounds. The Squacco Heron has been observed as a vagrant in the Fernando de Noronha islands and, on rarer occasions, in mainland South America. It nests in modest colonies, often in the company of other wading birds, and constructs its nests from sticks on platforms in trees or shrubs.

The Squacco Heron selects freshwater locales across Europe and the Middle East to breed, later migrating southward to the Sub-Saharan African region. During the breeding season, they lay a clutch of three to four eggs.

Adept at foraging, the Squacco Heron feeds on a diet consisting of fish, frogs, and insects, making the most of its wetland environment.

Non-breeding Squacco Herons share certain physical characteristics with other heron species such as the Indian Pond Heron and the Malagasy Pond Heron, including tawny plumage, lighter streaking, a smaller bill, and narrower wing tips.

22-4-2018 OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA - GOLIATH HERON (Ardea goliath)

The Goliath heron, known also as the giant heron, stands as the largest extant heron on Earth. With a statuesque height ranging from 120 to 152 cm and a wingspan stretching between 185 to 230 cm, this bird is a formidable presence in its aquatic realm. Weighing in at 4 to 5 kg, it is a sight to behold, with a slate gray and chestnut plumage that is both striking and elegant.

The adult Goliath heron is adorned with a chestnut head and crest, a white chin, throat, and upper breast marked with black streaks, and a buff lower breast and belly also with black streaks. Its back and upper wings are slate-grey, accented by a chestnut shoulder patch visible when the wings are folded. The under-wing presents a paler chestnut hue. Its bill is a formidable weapon, the upper mandible jet black, while the lores and orbital areas are a yellow tinged with green. The eyes are a piercing yellow, and the legs and feet are a stark black. In flight, the Goliath heron carries its legs trailing behind, a characteristic that distinguishes it from its heron kin.

The Goliath heron is a creature of the water, favoring lakes, swamps, mangrove wetlands, and sometimes river deltas. It is most at home in shallow waters, though it can be observed near deeper waters with dense vegetation. Its preference for pristine wetlands means it is often found far from human disturbance, from sea level up to elevations of 2,100 meters.

This majestic bird graces the landscapes of sub-Saharan Africa, with smaller, declining populations in Southwest and South Asia.

A solitary and territorial bird, the Goliath heron is a diurnal feeder, often seen standing motionless in the shallows, waiting to spear fish with its powerful bill. It may also use its bill as a lure to attract fish. Despite its size, it is vulnerable to kleptoparasitism, with other birds such as African fish eagles known to steal its catch.

The Goliath heron's call is a deep and resonant "kowoork," which can be heard up to 2 km away. It also emits a sharper "arrk" when disturbed, and a "huh-huh" during a crouched posture. With its neck extended, a "krooo" may be heard, and duetting at nest sites has been reported but not confirmed.

Breeding season aligns with the onset of the rainy season, with nests built on islands or vegetation islands. The nests are large but flimsy, and the pale blue eggs are incubated for 24 to 30 days. Fledglings leave the nest at around five weeks and are tended to by parents for up to 80 days.

The Goliath heron may be confused with the purple heron due to some plumage similarities, but the latter is significantly smaller.

The Goliath heron's diet consists almost entirely of fish, specializing in large specimens averaging 500 to 600 grams. It may also consume other small animals such as frogs, prawns, and occasionally carrion.

The Goliath heron is currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, indicating that, for now, this species is not at immediate risk of decline.

22-4-2018 OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA - WATTLED CRANE (Bugeranus carunculatus)

The Wattled Crane (Grus carunculata) stands as the largest crane in Africa and the second tallest crane species globally. With a stature ranging from 150 to 175 cm, it is also the tallest flying bird native to Africa, surpassed only by the ostrich. The wingspan of this impressive bird stretches between 230 to 260 cm. Adult Wattled Cranes exhibit a striking ashy gray back and wings, with a dark slate gray feathered head above the eyes and crown. The breast, primaries, secondaries, and tail coverts are a deep black, while the upper breast and neck are a pristine white, extending to the face. Notable are the red, featherless skin and wart-like bumps in front of the eyes, as well as the long bills and black legs and toes. The species is monotypic, with no recognized subspecies.

Males and females are similar in appearance, though males may be slightly larger. Juveniles can be distinguished by their tawny body plumage and less prominent wattles, lacking the bare skin on the face of adults. The long, nearly ground-reaching secondaries and the white wattles, which hang from the upper throat, are key identification features.

Wattled Cranes favor inaccessible wetlands, thriving in shallow marshes rich in sedge-based vegetation. They are adapted to environments that provide a mix of water and grassland.

22-4-2018 OKAVANGO DELTA, BOTSWANA - PEARL SPOTTED OWLET (Glaucidium perlatum)

The pearl-spotted owlet, a diminutive yet captivating bird of prey, graces the sub-Saharan skies. Belonging to the Strigidae family, these true owls are a marvel of evolution. With a modest length of 17 to 21 centimeters, the females slightly outweigh their male counterparts, tipping the scales at around 100 grams compared to the males' 65 grams. Their plumage is a harmonious blend of cinnamon-brown adorned with white spots, while their facial disc is an understated off-white, complemented by striking yellow eyes. A distinctive feature is the pair of black false 'eyes' on the back of their head, outlined in white, which can be quite the deception in the wild.

When observing these owlets, note the large white spots on their tail and flight feathers, which form conspicuous bars during flight. Their bill and cere are a pale greenish-yellow, and their legs are feathered white with yellow feet. Juveniles share a similar appearance to adults but may have less pronounced head and back spots, and their false 'face' is particularly noticeable.

The pearl-spotted owlet thrives in a variety of woodland and bushveld habitats, with a fondness for mopane and open thorn savanna that offer sparse ground cover. They tend to avoid dense woodlands, forests, and open grasslands.

This species is widespread across sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal and Gambia to western Sudan, and southward through Botswana and Zimbabwe to northern South Africa, Angola, and Namibia.

These owlets are diurnal, often seen active during the day, but they primarily hunt and vocalize at night. They roost in open sites beneath small bushes or shrubs, and exhibit a keen awareness of their surroundings, readily shifting perches if disturbed. When alarmed, they may flick or wag their tail feathers and are known to bathe during the day when water is available. Their flight is characterized by speed and an undulating pattern, with a distinctive whirring of wings.

The pearl-spotted owlet's vocal repertoire includes a series of shrill, short whistles that build up in tempo and volume, culminating in a crescendo of descending long, loud whistles. During the breeding season, pairs may engage in duets, with the female's pitch being higher. In moments of alarm, they emit soft whistles and peeps.

Monogamous and territorial, these owlets are solitary nesters. The male woos the female with food offerings, and the female may call softly from within the nest before laying eggs. They favor old holes made by barbets or woodpeckers for nesting, and a single female may return to the same site for several years. Clutches typically consist of 2 to 4 eggs, with an incubation period of about 29 days.

Pearl-spotted owlets are nocturnal hunters, preying on arthropods like grasshoppers, crickets, and solifuges from low perches. They are also capable of capturing small vertebrates such as rodents, bats, lizards, snakes, and small birds. During the day, they may hunt opportunistically and are often mobbed by smaller birds.

7-9-2018 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - CATALONIA WALL LIZARD (Podarcis liolepis)

Podarcis liolepis, the Columbretes wall lizard or Catalan wall lizard, is very similar to the other lizards in the genus Podarcis. This species was formerly described as a subspecies of the Iberian wall lizard, but has now been elevated to species status. These are slender lizards with long tails, narrow tapered heads and long thin toes, and stout legs. Colours are variable, although generally grey-brown. Often very subtle spots and stripes along the back and flanks can be seen and these can be more distinguished in the female. The underside is a much lighter cream or beige with sometimes a reddish tint. Adults grow 15–20 cm in length from the nose to tip of the tail. Body length can be a little as one third of the total body length, the tail making up the other two thirds.

Lifespan around 4–5 years. Sexual maturity is reached in their second year. Breeding takes place in spring after they wake from winter hibernation. 1-5 eggs are laid, each around 5x9mm, in cracks in rocks or under stones. During development the eggs swell and after 8 weeks when ready to hatch they can be 8x15mm in size. They hatch out around early July.

They are found in the north-east of the Iberian peninsula, including southern France in parts of the Pyrenees. They are not found above 3400m elevation.

With a lifespan of about 5 years they are an adaptable wall climbing species which can be found in a large number of habitats and frequently around houses and other buildings. Although being a Mediterranean species, they are able to inhabit mountain habitats with cold winters up to 2000 m altitude (Pyrenees, Sistema Ibérico, Sistema Bético).

The Catalonian Wall Lizard is a quite adaptable, well climbing species which can be found in various habitats and even frequently within human settlements. Although being a (sub-)Mediterranean species, it is able to inhabit mountain habitats with cold winters up to 2000 m altitude (Pyrenees, Sistema Ibérico, Sistema Bético).

Being such a "generalist", its distribution ranges from the French Rhône-Valley in the north to the Spanish Sierra Nevada in the south. It shows a great variability which has led to the description of several subspecies:

Podarcis liolepis cebennensis has been described for southern France. But geographic delimination towards the nominate subspecies is doubtful.

The Spanish Columbretes Archipelago is populated by the dark blotched subspecies atratus. However, this might be just an insular morph of the nominate subspecies.

Subspecies sebastiani has been described for the Basque Country area. Presumably, this may be just an ecotype of the nominate subspecies.

In the south of the range, additional - so far undescribed - colour morphs occur (see below).

With regard to this, some intra-specific taxonomic revision might be required.

Distribution of Podarcis liolepis with its currently recognized subspecies. For an overview of all Iberian Podarcis species see map at Podarcis hispanicus.

In north of the range, Podarcis liolepis has contact zones with Podarcis guadarramae. This species lacks of blue outer ventral scales which frequently occur in males of Podarcis liolepis. Podarcis liolepis may also co-occur with Podarcis muralis (e.g. Penyagolosa, E / Castellón) but it is smaller, more slender und usually shows a lighter colouration than the latter one.

12-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - BEARDED WOODPECKER (Dendropicos namaquus)

The bearded woodpecker (Chloropicus namaquus) is a species of bird in the family Picidae. It has a distinctive black and white head and brownish barred body. It is native to tropical central Africa. It has an extremely wide range and is a fairly common species, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as being of "least concern". The bearded woodpecker is one of the largest woodpeckers in Africa growing to a length of about 25 cm (10 in).