23-3-2017 SAN GERARDO DE DOTA, COSTA RICA - SOOTY THRUSH (Turdus nigrescens)

The Sooty Thrush, known scientifically as Turdus nigrescens, is a robust bird endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama. It is a member of the Turdidae family, which it shares with other thrushes. The adult male is a striking brownish-black with black wings and tail, and a distinctive black area between the orange bill and the eye. The legs and bare eye ring are a vivid orange, and the iris is a pale grey. Females are similar but tend to be browner and somewhat paler, with yellow-orange bare parts. Juveniles can be identified by their resemblance to the adult female, but with buff or orange streaks on the head and upperparts, and dark spotting on the underparts.

When identifying the Sooty Thrush, look for its average length of 24–25.5 cm and an average weight of 96 grams. The male's brownish-black plumage, black wings and tail, and the black area between the orange bill and eye are key characteristics. The orange legs and eye ring, along with the pale grey iris, are also distinctive. Females and juveniles are paler, with the juveniles displaying streaks and spotting.

This species thrives in open areas and at the edge of oak forests, typically at altitudes above 2200 meters.

The Sooty Thrush is found exclusively in the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama.

The Sooty Thrush exhibits behaviors similar to other thrushes, such as the American Robin. It forages on the ground, either alone or in pairs, moving in a series of hops and dashes with frequent pauses. It is known to turn over leaf litter in search of insects and spiders.

23-3-2017 SAN GERARDO DE DOTA, COSTA RICA - RUFOUS COLLARED SPARROW (Zonotrichia capensis)

The rufous-collared sparrow or Andean sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis ) is an American sparrow found in a wide range of habitats, often near humans, from the extreme south-east of Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, and the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) in the Caribbean. It has diverse vocalizations, which have been intensely studied since the 1970s, particularly by Paul Handford and Stephen C. Lougheed (UWO), Fernando Nottebohm (Rockefeller University) and Pablo Luis Tubaro (UBA). Local names for this bird include the Portuguese tico-tico, the Spanish copetón ("tufted") in Colombia, as well as chingolo and chincol, and comemaíz "corn eater" in Costa Rica.

The rufous-collared sparrow is 13.5–15 cm (5+1⁄4–6 in) long and weighs 20–25 g (0.71–0.88 oz). The adult has a stubby grey bill, and a grey head with broad black stripes on the crown sides, and thinner stripes through the eye and below the cheeks. The nape and breast sides are rufous, and the upperparts are black-streaked buff-brown. There are two white wing bars. The throat is white, and the underparts are off-white, becoming brown on the flanks and with a black breast patch.

Young birds have a duller, indistinct head pattern, with brown stripes and a buff ground colour. They lack the rufous collar, and have streaked underparts.

There are between 25 and 29 subspecies. In general, the smaller forms occur in coastal mountains, intermediate birds in the Andes, and large, darker, forms breed on the tepuis. The largest of the tepui subspecies, Z. c. perezchincillae, has grey underparts, and the rufous collar extends as a black band of freckles across the breast. This form might be separable as a distinct species, or it might just be a particularly distinct population due to genetic bottleneck effects.

24-3-2017 RANCHO NATURALISTA, COSTA RICA - BLUE GREY TANAGER (Thraupis episcopus)

The blue-gray tanager (Thraupis episcopus ) is a medium-sized South American songbird of the tanager family, Thraupidae. Its range is from Mexico south to northeast Bolivia and northern Brazil, all of the Amazon Basin, except the very south. It has been introduced to Lima (Peru). On Trinidad and Tobago, this bird is called blue jean.

The blue-gray tanager is 16–18 cm (6.3–7.1 in) long and weighs 30–40 g (1.1–1.4 oz). Adults have a light bluish head and underparts, with darker blue upperparts and a shoulder patch colored a different hue of blue. The bill is short and quite thick. Sexes are similar, but the immature is much duller in plumage.

The song is a squeaky twittering, interspersed with tseee and tsuup call notes.

24-3-2017 RANCHO NATURALISTA, COSTA RICA - VARIEGATED SQUIRREL (Sciurus variegatoides)

The variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides ) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, southern Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Fifteen subspecies are recognised. It is a common squirrel and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it a "least-concern species". Variegated squirrels kept as pets in Germany have been implicated in the transmission of a bornavirus to humans from which three people have died.

Variegated squirrels are medium-sized tree squirrels. The are several subspecies recognised which differ in appearance. There is even often a considerable variation between the appearances of individuals in the same population. The dorsal colouration varies between dark brown to yellowish grey. The neck tends to be darker than other parts and there is often a paler patch behind the ears. The underparts are usually some shade of cinnamon. The tail is long and densely bushy; in Mexico it is black, sometimes with white tips to the hairs giving it a frosted appearance. In Nicaragua and Costa Rica, some individuals have pale underparts and tails.

24-3-2017 TROGON LODGE, COSTA RICA - BANDED MAPWING BUTTERFLY (Hypanartia dione ssp. arcaei)

Hypanartia, commonly called mapwings, is a butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae found from Mexico to South America.

Morphological data, mitochondrial and nuclear DNA reveal that Hypanartia is a possible sister clade a genera including: Polygonia, Aglais, Nymphalis, and more.

24-3-2017 RANCHO NATURALISTA, COSTA RICA - SOOTY CAPPED CHLOROSPINGUS (Chlorospingus pileatus)

The Sooty-capped Chlorospingus, also known as the Sooty-capped Bush Tanager, is a diminutive passerine that boasts a modest length of 13.5 cm and a weight of a mere 20 grams. This bird is adorned with a blackish head, complemented by a striking white supercilium and a grey throat. Its upperparts are cloaked in an olive hue, while the underparts are a vibrant yellow, transitioning to white on the belly. A particular population near the Irazu-Turrialba region exhibits a greyer plumage with an absence of yellow on the underparts.

To identify the adult Sooty-capped Chlorospingus, look for its darker head and pronounced supercilium, which set it apart from the common Chlorospingus. Immature birds present with a browner head, a less vivid olive-tinged supercilium, and a duller coloration below.

This species thrives in the mossy mountain forests, secondary growth, and adjacent bushy clearings, typically found from 1600 meters altitude to regions above the timberline.

The Sooty-capped Chlorospingus is an endemic resident breeder, gracing the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama with its presence.

These birds are sociable creatures, often seen in small groups or as part of a mixed-species feeding flock.

21-1-2018 VILLALONGA CAMPO, VALENCIA - MEADOW PIPIT (Anthus pratensis)

The meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis) is a small passerine bird, which breeds in much of the Palearctic, from southeastern Greenland and Iceland east to just east of the Ural Mountains in Russia, and south to central France and Romania; an isolated population also occurs in the Caucasus Mountains. It is migratory over most of its range, wintering in southern Europe, North Africa, and south-western Asia, but is resident year-round in western Europe, though even here many birds move to the coast or lowlands in winter.

The nest is on the ground hidden in dense vegetation, with two to seven (most often three to five) eggs; the eggs hatch after 11–15 days, with the chicks fledging 10–14 days after hatching. Two broods are commonly raised each year. This species is one of the most important nest hosts of the cuckoo, and it is also an important prey species for merlins and hen harriers.

Its food is primarily insects and other invertebrates, mostly small items less than 5 mm (3⁄16 in) long. It also eats the seeds of grasses, sedges, rushes, and heather, and crowberry berries, mainly in winter.

21-1-2018 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - LONG TAILED TIT (Aegithalos caudatus)

The long-tailed tit, or Aegithalos caudatus, is a diminutive bird, notable for its distinctive tail that exceeds the length of its body. This charming avian measures a mere 13–15 cm from beak to tail tip, with the tail accounting for 7–9 cm of this length. Both sexes are similar in appearance, and juveniles don a complete adult plumage after their first moult. The bird's plumage is a delightful mix of black, white, grey, and pink hues.

When attempting to identify the long-tailed tit, look for its round body, short bill, and the remarkably elongated tail that gives this species its name. The plumage is predominantly black and white, with varying degrees of grey and pink depending on the individual.

The long-tailed tit thrives in a variety of environments, including deciduous and mixed woodlands with a rich undergrowth, edges of forests, and scrublands. It is also a common sight in heathlands with scattered trees, farmlands with hedges, and riverine woodlands, as well as parks and gardens.

This species enjoys a broad range across temperate Northern Europe and extends into the Palearctic, reaching into boreal Scandinavia and dipping south into the Mediterranean zone.

The long-tailed tit is a sociable bird, often seen in flocks outside the breeding season. These flocks are family-based, with parents and offspring from the previous breeding season banding together, sometimes joined by additional adults. They defend territories against other flocks and exhibit a strong preference for roosting communally, which aids in survival during cold nights.

25-3-2017 RANCHO NATURALISTA, COSTA RICA - GREY HEADED CHACHALACA (Ortalis cinereiceps)

The grey-headed chachalaca is a medium-sized bird, similar in general appearance to turkeys, with a small head, long strong legs, and a long broad tail. They are 48 to 58 cm (1.6 to 1.9 ft) long and weigh 490 to 540 g (1.1 to 1.2 lb). They have fairly dull plumage, grayish brown above and paler below. The head is dark grey with a red dewlap and the blackish tail is tipped with buff. Their primary flight feathers are bright chestnut. Juveniles are browner overall, especially on the head.

The grey-headed chachalaca is found from Mosquitia in eastern Honduras through eastern Nicaragua and most of Costa Rica and Panama into Colombia's Chocó Department. In addition to mainland Panama it occurs on Isla del Rey, where it might have been introduced by native Americans. It inhabits a variety of humid landscapes characterized by dense vegetation such as thickets, secondary forest, brushy abandoned fields, and thinned forests. It shuns the interior of dense forest though it can occur in their edges. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,700 m (5,600 ft).

The grey-headed chachalaca forages typically in groups of six to 12 but sometimes up to 20, usually in the vegetation but sometimes on the ground. Its diet is about 75% fruit, 17% leaves, and 8% invertebrates. In the dry season it visits rivers to drink in the morning and evening.

25-3-2017 TUIS CARTAGO, COSTA RICA - BRONZED COWBIRD (Molothrus aeneus)

The bronzed cowbird (once known as the red-eyed cowbird, Molothrus aeneus ) is a small icterid.

They breed from the U.S. states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Louisiana south through Central America to Panama. They tend to be found in farmland, brush, and feedlots. Outside the breeding season, they are found in very open habitats, and roost in thick woods. These birds forage in open areas, often near cattle in pastures. Their diet mostly consists of seeds and insects, along with snails during breeding season for a calcium source.There are three subspecies:

M. a. loyei Parkes & Blake, 1965 is found in the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.

M. a. assimilis (Nelson, 1900) is found in southwestern Mexico.

M. a. aeneus (Wagler, 1829), the nominate subspecies, is found in South Texas and from eastern Mexico to central Panama

The bronze-brown cowbird, which is restricted to the Caribbean coast of Colombia, was formerly considered to be an isolated population of this species.

The male bronzed cowbird is 20 cm (7.9 in) long and weighs 68 g (2.4 oz), with green-bronze, gloss-black plumage. His eyes are red in breeding season and brown otherwise. The female is 18.5 cm (7.3 in) long and weighs 56 g (2.0 oz). She is a dull black with a brown underbelly, and has brown eyes. Young birds have coloring similar to the females, with the exception of grey feather fringes.

Like all cowbirds, this bird is an obligate brood parasite; it lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. The young cowbird is fed by the host parents at the expense of their own young. Hosts include Prevost's ground-sparrows and white-naped brush finches. They develop rapidly, leaving the nest after 10–12 days.

25-3-2017 TUIS CARTAGO, COSTA RICA - ATTA LEAFCUTTER ANT (Genus Atta)

Atta is a genus of New World ants of the subfamily Myrmicinae. It contains at least 17 known species.

Atta leafcutter ants are relatively large, rusty red or brown in colour, and have a spiny body and long legs. The three main castes within a nest are the queen, worker, and soldier. Only the queens and males have wings (alate), and these ants are also known as reproductives or swarmers. Although most of the ants in the nest are female, only the queens produce eggs. Queens are usually over 20 millimetres (25⁄32 in) long.

Ants of the genus Atta are leafcutter ants that comprise one of the two genera of leafcutting ants within the tribe Attini, along with Acromyrmex. They have no sting, thus inject no venom, although they are known as strong biters.

Atta spp. exhibit a high degree of polymorphism, with four castes being present in established colonies: minims (or garden ants), minors, mediae, and majors (also called soldiers or dinergates).[citation needed] Their immature development undergoes four larval stages, regardless of the ultimate caste, wherein larvae are also associated with fungal hyphae.

25-3-2017 TUIS CARTAGO, COSTA RICA - SUN BITTERN (Eurypyga helias)

The sunbittern (Eurypyga helias) is a bittern-like bird of tropical regions of the Americas, and the sole member of the family Eurypygidae (sometimes spelled Eurypigidae) and genus Eurypyga. It is found in Central and South America, and has three subspecies. The sunbittern shows both morphological and molecular similarities with the kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus) of New Caledonia, indicating a Gondwanan origin, both species being placed in the clade Eurypygiformes.

The sunbittern's range extends from Guatemala to Brazil. The nominate race, E. h. helias, is found east of the Andes in lowland tropical South America, from the Orinoco basin, through the Amazon basin and Pantanal. The subspecies E. h. meridionalis, has a more restricted distribution, being found along the East Andean slope in south-central Peru, in the lower subtropical zone at altitudes of 800–1,830 m (2,620–6,000 ft). The final subspecies, E. h. major, is found at various altitudes ranging from southern Guatemala, through Central America and the Chocó to western Ecuador. This subspecies may also be present in southern Mexico. It has been traditionally reported from the Atlantic slope of Chiapas, but no specimens are known and there have been no recent records.

The species is found in the humid Neotropical forests, generally with an open understorey and near rivers, streams, ponds or lagoons.

25-3-2017 TUIS CARTAGO, COSTA RICA - BANDED PEACOCK BUTTERFLY (Anartia fatima)

Anartia fatima, the banded peacock, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is commonly found in south Texas, Mexico, and Central America but most studied in Costa Rica. This butterfly prefers subtropical climates and moist areas, such as near rivers. It spends much of its time in second-growth woodlands.

Its larvae feed on plants in the family Acanthaceae, while adults primarily feed on flower nectar from Acanthus species. The species is diurnal. These butterflies face interspecies competition for nectar with other butterflies and must also compete with hummingbirds, who will chase them away.

The eggs are laid in low-lying host plant leaves and flower bracts. Several hundred are laid by a single female within the span of a few days, with only a small percentage of the eggs surviving to adulthood. Eggs take five days to hatch and the larvae complete six instar phases before pupation. After pupation is complete, adults emerge and fly off within 1–2 hours.

This butterfly is not toxic to predators. It is the victim of predation by many bird, lizard, frog, and arthropod species. However, this butterfly is so ubiquitous that losses from predation do not endanger the species.

25-3-2017 TUIS CARTAGO, COSTA RICA - GREAT KISKADEE (Pitangus sulphuratus)

The great kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus, is a vibrant and robust member of the tyrant flycatcher family, Tyrannidae. It is the sole representative of its genus, easily recognized by its size, which ranges from 25 to 28 cm in length, and its weight between 53 to 71.5 grams. The species exhibits a striking head pattern with a black crown, a bold white supercilium, and a hidden yellow crown stripe. The upperparts are a warm brown, while the wings and tail display rufous fringes. Its bill is notably short, thick, and black.

To identify the great kiskadee, look for the distinctive head pattern, the strong white supercilium, and the concealed yellow crown stripe. The brown upperparts, rufous fringes on the wings and tail, and the stout black bill are key characteristics. It can be distinguished from the similar boat-billed flycatcher by the latter's more massive bill and olive-brown back.

The great kiskadee is quite adaptable, inhabiting open woodlands with tall trees, areas of human habitation, and even urban environments. It thrives in a variety of settings, from grasslands to cultivated lands.

This species has a broad range, found from the Lower Rio Grande Valley in southern Texas through Central America, and down to southern Argentina. It has been introduced to Bermuda and Tobago, where it has established populations.

25-3-2017 TUIS CARTAGO, COSTA RICA - RED BILLED PIGEON (Patagioenas flavirostris)

The Red-billed Pigeon, Patagioenas flavirostris, is a robust bird, cloaked in slate-gray plumage. Its head and neck shimmer with a maroon hue, sometimes perceived as purple, while the wing coverts share this rich coloration. The species is characterized by pale red eyes encircled by an orange ring and a distinctive red bill tipped with yellow. Unlike its relatives, this pigeon lacks the iridescent collar plumage, setting it apart visually. A blue-gray underbelly and tail coverts, along with a less brown back, provide further distinction from similar species.

Adults are identified by their dark gray bodies, maroon to purple head and neck, and the red bill with a yellow tip. Females may appear slightly duller than males, while juveniles present a more subdued color palette with dusky shoulders and a brownish mantle and wings. The species ranges in size from 30 to 37 cm in length, weighing between 230 and 425 grams.

The Red-billed Pigeon favors dry forests and is often found along riverside wetlands, thriving in these habitats throughout coastal Mexico and Central America.

This pigeon's breeding range spans from southern Texas to Costa Rica. It is prevalent in coastal and lowland areas, particularly in the Rio Grande region. Sightings in Southern Texas are less frequent, and the bird is considered rare during the winter months.

19-1-2018 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - BLACK REDSTART (MALE) (Phoenicurus ochruros)

The Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) is a small, charismatic passerine bird, exhibiting a blend of dark and vibrant plumage. Males are distinguished by their dark grey to black upperparts and breast, with a striking orange-red rump and tail. Females and juveniles are more subdued in color, with grey to grey-brown feathers and the same vivid tail coloration that is the hallmark of the species.

Adult males are easily identified by their dark upperparts and black breast, contrasting with the orange-red lower rump and tail. The belly and undertail may vary from blackish-grey to orange-red, depending on the subspecies. Females and juveniles are less conspicuous, with overall greyer tones and a distinctive orange-red rump and tail. The presence of pale fringes on the secondaries forms a whitish wing panel in some subspecies.

The Black Redstart has adapted remarkably to urban environments, often found nesting in crevices or holes within buildings. Originally a dweller of stony mountainous regions, it now thrives in industrial areas with similar structural features.

This species is widely distributed across south and central Europe, Asia, and north-west Africa. It is a resident in milder regions, while populations in the northeast migrate to warmer areas during winter.

19-1-2018 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - LONG TAILED TIT (Aegithalos caudatus)

The long-tailed tit, or Aegithalos caudatus, is a diminutive bird, notable for its distinctive tail that exceeds the length of its body. This charming avian measures a mere 13–15 cm from beak to tail tip, with the tail accounting for 7–9 cm of this length. Both sexes are similar in appearance, and juveniles don a complete adult plumage after their first moult. The bird's plumage is a delightful mix of black, white, grey, and pink hues.

When attempting to identify the long-tailed tit, look for its round body, short bill, and the remarkably elongated tail that gives this species its name. The plumage is predominantly black and white, with varying degrees of grey and pink depending on the individual.

The long-tailed tit thrives in a variety of environments, including deciduous and mixed woodlands with a rich undergrowth, edges of forests, and scrublands. It is also a common sight in heathlands with scattered trees, farmlands with hedges, and riverine woodlands, as well as parks and gardens.

This species enjoys a broad range across temperate Northern Europe and extends into the Palearctic, reaching into boreal Scandinavia and dipping south into the Mediterranean zone.

The long-tailed tit is a sociable bird, often seen in flocks outside the breeding season. These flocks are family-based, with parents and offspring from the previous breeding season banding together, sometimes joined by additional adults. They defend territories against other flocks and exhibit a strong preference for roosting communally, which aids in survival during cold nights.

25-3-2017 RANCHO NATURALISTA - CLAY COLOURED THRUSH (Turdus grayi)

The Clay-colored Thrush, Turdus grayi, is a bird of modest plumage, its feathers a subtle palette of brown hues, lighter on the flanks and faintly streaked on the throat. This bird, similar in size to the American Robin, measures approximately 23 to 27 centimeters in length and weighs between 74 to 76 grams. The young are distinguished by a faint mottling on their backs and underparts. Notable identification features include a greenish-yellow bill with a dark base, pinkish or flesh-colored legs, and reddish irises.

The song of the Clay-colored Thrush is a series of slurred musical phrases, often repeated irregularly at a slow, steady tempo. Its flight call is a harsher version of the American Robin's "tock." During the dry season, its mating call varies significantly across regions.

25-3-2017 RANCHO NATURALISTA, COSTA RICA - WHITE NECKED JACOBIN (MALE) (Florisuga mellivora)

The White-necked Jacobin, scientifically known as Florisuga mellivora, is a medium-sized hummingbird adorned with a striking plumage. The male is particularly distinctive, boasting a dark blue head and chest, contrasted by a pure white belly and tail, the latter tipped with black. A white band graces the nape, setting apart the blue head from the vibrant green back and elongated uppertail coverts. Females exhibit a more variable appearance, often showing green upperparts and a blue-green throat, with white "scales" and a white belly. Their tails are mostly green with a blue terminal band.

Males are unmistakable with their contrasting blue and white plumage. Females and immatures can be more challenging to identify due to their variability, but typically females have less white in the tail and a bronzy hue on the throat and chest.

This species is found in the canopy and edges of humid forests, as well as in semi-open areas like tall secondary forests, gallery forests, and plantations of coffee and cacao. It tends to stay high in the trees but may descend to lower levels at forest edges and clearings.

The White-necked Jacobin ranges from Mexico through Central America and into northern South America, including Brazil, Peru, and Bolivia. It is also present in Trinidad & Tobago. The nominate subspecies, F. m. mellivora, is widespread, while F. m. flabellifera is endemic to the island of Tobago.

This hummingbird's movement patterns are not fully understood, but it seems to shift seasonally in response to flowering patterns. It is known to be aggressive towards conspecifics when feeding but is not typically territorial.

The White-necked Jacobin is not a particularly vocal species. Its song consists of a series of high-pitched notes, while its calls include a short 'tsik', a high-pitched 'sweet', and a descending 'swee-swee-swee-swee' during antagonistic interactions.

Breeding occurs during the dry to early wet seasons, with timing varying across its range. The nest is a shallow cup made of plant down and cobwebs, often situated on a leaf and sheltered by another leaf overhead. Males engage in display flights and chases, while females perform fluttering flights to distract predators.

The diet consists primarily of nectar from flowers of tall trees, epiphytes, shrubs, and Heliconia plants. They are also insectivorous, hawking small insects through various aerial maneuvers.

The IUCN has classified the White-necked Jacobin as Least Concern due to its extremely large range. While the population size is not quantified, and trends are unknown, the species is considered uncommon to common throughout its range and is able to adapt to human-modified habitats.

26-3-2017 RANCHO NATURALISTA - GREEN BREASTED MANGO (Anthracothorax prevostii)

The Green-breasted Mango, known scientifically as Anthracothorax prevostii, is a hummingbird of striking poise. This species, with its iridescent plumage, measures between 10.3 to 12.1 cm in length and tips the scales at a delicate 5.7 to 7.0 grams.

Adult males of the Green-breasted Mango boast a metallic bronze-green crown and upperparts, with a velvety black stripe running down their chin and chest, flanked by metallic bluish-green. Their tail feathers shimmer with purple hues. Females, while similar, have less metallic green and their tail feathers are blue-black with a purple base and white tips. Both sexes have a slightly decurved dull black bill.

This species thrives in a variety of lowland tropical landscapes, from semi-open to open environments. These include shrublands, savannas, secondary forests, and mangroves, as well as human-altered areas such as parks and gardens.

The Green-breasted Mango is found from eastern Mexico through Central America, and into Colombia and Venezuela. It has also been recorded as a vagrant in the United States.

The Green-breasted Mango is mostly sedentary, though some northern populations migrate to the Pacific slope during the non-breeding season. It is known to forage at all levels of its habitat, from understory to canopy.

This species is not overly vocal, but its song is a distinctive buzzy repetition of "tsi si-si-si si-si-si," while its calls range from sharp "sip" or "sik" sounds to harsh "chik chik chik" and high, shrill twittering during confrontations.

Breeding seasons vary geographically, with some regions seeing nesting year-round. The female constructs a cup nest on a horizontal branch or even on man-made structures. Clutch size is typically two eggs, with the female solely responsible for incubation and chick rearing.

The Green-breasted Mango may be confused with other hummingbirds, but its distinctive coloration and vocalizations aid in its identification.

Nectar and arthropods make up the diet of this hummingbird. It feeds on a variety of flowering plants and is also known to visit sugar water feeders.

The IUCN lists the Green-breasted Mango as Least Concern, with a large range and no immediate threats identified. It is protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in the U.S.