1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - LESSER JARDINE PARROT (Poicephalus gulielmi)

The red-fronted parrot (Poicephalus gulielmi), also known as Jardine's parrot, is a medium-sized mainly green parrot distributed across wide areas of Africa. It has three subspecies. The extent and shade of the red or orange plumage on its head, thighs, and bend of wings vary depending on the subspecies.

They are popular as pets, partly because of their ability to mimic speech and copy sounds. Trapping of wild birds for the pet trade is a potential threat to wild populations; however, they are protected by CITES (appendix II) making the trade, import and export of all wild-caught parrots illegal.

The red-fronted parrot is 28 cm (11 in) long. It is mostly green and has a short black squarish tail. Black feathers on the head, neck, back, and wings have lighter green edges giving a scalloped appearance. The lower mandible is dark grey and the upper mandible has a horn coloured base and a dark grey tip. The irises are red-orange, the eyerings are pinkish-grey, and the legs are grey-brown. The amount of red or orange on the forecrown, the bend of the wing, and thighs varies in the three subspecies but is absent in all young birds – juveniles having a dark smokey appearance above a paler beak and brown irises. The adult male and female are identical in external appearance. Sex determination of chicks is normally carried out by breeders using DNA analysis of a feather sample or by internal examination of the cloaca. The latter method is cheaper and quicker but does cause some distress to the bird.

The first red-fronted parrot to be scientifically identified was named Congo Jack. The parrot was brought back live from the Congo to the United Kingdom by Sir William Jardine's son on his return from a three-year cruise on HMS Favourite. Congo Jack became tame and whistled and screamed, rather than talk. Sir William Jardine gave the species the binomial name Pionus Gulielmi after his son, William R.N. (Latin: Gulielmi means "William's"), and published the description in 1849.

The red-fronted parrot nests in tree cavities. The eggs are white and there are usually three or four in a clutch. The female incubates the eggs for about 27 days and the chicks leave the nest about 80 days after hatching.

They fly swiftly making noisy calls above the forest in pairs or small groups between their night-time roosts and feeding grounds. They feed quietly in the upper canopy of trees, where they are well camouflaged.

Usually called Jardine's parrots, the red-fronted parrot is becoming an increasingly popular pet, owing to increased availability and a growing following. They are particularly playful, intelligent, and affectionate. Some speak very clearly, and imitate other birds expertly. Their size, temperament, and voice makes them good candidates for apartment dwellers, though they can give a shrill call. Captive bred birds have an endearing nature, bonding well, usually imperceptibly or only slightly favouring one member of the family more than others. They are not as "needy" as some companion species and so long as they are occupied, can be left alone for longer periods without emotional stress (allowing the owners to work for example).

The wild red-fronted parrot population in Africa is difficult to estimate, because of its vast range. They are potentially threatened by trapping of wild parrots for the pet trade; They are listed on appendix II of The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), along with almost all other parrot species. This has made the trade, import and export of all wild caught parrots illegal.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - HARTLAUB'S TURACO (Tauraco hartlaubi)

Hartlaub's turaco (Tauraco hartlaubi ) is a species of bird in the family Musophagidae. It is found in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The common name and Latin binomial commemorate the German physician and ornithologist Gustav Hartlaub.

A beautiful green turaco with dark blue wings, tail, and crown. Note the white markings on the head: a white spot in front of the eye and a white line below the eye. Like all turacos, shows large crimson wing patches in flight. Found in montane forests, lush woodlands, and gardens. Acts like a typical turaco, bouncing through the trees and flying occasionally with short bursts of wingbeats and long glides. Similar overall to other turacos, but separated from most by the dark blue crown, and from Purple-crested Turaco by the white facial markings. Call is a gruff, accelerating series of “kow” notes.

Distribution is Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda.

Diet is Fruits and berries (some of which are extremely poisonous to humans) sometimes caterpillars, moths and beetles.

Habitat:  Montane evergreen forest , well-timbered suburban gardens  

Incubation: 16-18 days, 1-2 eggs

Social structure: forage in groups of up to 20 birds, monogamous pairs during breeding season 

Weight: max 270g, Dimensions:  max 43 cm

Estimated population in the wild: Unknown, fairly common.

IUCN Status: Least Concern

Threats:  There are no major threats for this species.

Their vivid plumage is a product of two unique copper pigments, unknown in any other bird family, or in any other animal group.

Turacos are poor flyers but are expert climbers, skipping nimbly from branch to branch, and moving from tree to tree by gliding or with a few fast wing beats.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - WHITE FACED WHISTLING DUCK (Dendrocygna viduata)

The White-faced Whistling Duck, Dendrocygna viduata, is a distinctive species with a long grey bill, elongated head, and relatively long legs. Its plumage is characterized by a black neck and head contrasted with a white face, which can vary in extent regionally. The back and wings are cloaked in dark brown to black, while the underparts are black with fine white barring on the flanks. A chestnut neck completes the ensemble. Both sexes are similarly attired, and juveniles resemble adults but with less pronounced head markings.

When identifying the White-faced Whistling Duck, look for the stark white face against a black head and neck. The species also has a distinctive three-note whistling call that can aid in identification even when the bird is not in sight.

These ducks favor freshwater lakes and reservoirs rich in vegetation, where they can forage for seeds and other plant-based food.

The White-faced Whistling Duck has a curious distribution, found in both sub-Saharan Africa and much of South America. It is thought that human activity may have contributed to their spread across these continents.

This species is known for its sociable nature, often forming large flocks. It is mostly sedentary, though it may undertake local movements of over 100 kilometers in response to environmental conditions.

Breeding sites are typically ground depressions or reed beds. Both sexes incubate the clutch of 6 to 12 eggs, which hatch after 26 to 28 days. The ducklings, with dark down above and yellow below, are tended by both parents and are usually concealed in reeds. They fledge at about two months of age.

The White-faced Whistling Duck is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN and is protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA).

While the White-faced Whistling Duck is quite distinctive, it could potentially be confused with other whistling ducks. However, its unique facial coloration and call usually make it easily distinguishable.

The diet of the White-faced Whistling Duck primarily consists of seeds and other plant materials, which they forage from their aquatic habitats.

In the gentle light of dawn, one might observe the White-faced Whistling Duck, a creature of both beauty and intrigue, as it congregates in flocks that paint the sky with their synchronized flights and fills the air with their melodious calls.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - AMERICAN FLAMINGO (Phoenicopterus ruber)

The American flamingo, known scientifically as Phoenicopterus ruber, is a strikingly vibrant wading bird with a profusion of reddish-pink plumage. This species, the only flamingo naturally inhabiting North America, is recognized by its long, lean stature, standing 120 to 145 cm tall. The males, slightly heavier, average 2.8 kg, while females tip the scales at around 2.2 kg. The bird's plumage transitions from a paler hue during youth to the iconic pink of adults, a result of their specialized diet. The wings are adorned with red coverts and contrasting black flight feathers, while the bill is a mosaic of pink, white, and a pronounced black tip. Completing the portrait are the entirely pink legs, a feature that adds to the bird's elegance.

When identifying the American flamingo, look for the following key characteristics: a large bird with predominantly pink plumage, red wing coverts, black primary and secondary flight feathers, and a distinctive bill that is pink and white with a black tip. The legs are also pink, and the bird's overall stature is tall and slender. The call of the American flamingo is a resonant, goose-like honking.

The American flamingo favors saline lagoons, mudflats, and shallow brackish coastal or inland lakes. These environments provide the ideal conditions for the flamingo's feeding and breeding habits.

This species is native to the West Indies, northern South America, including the Galápagos Islands, and the Yucatan Peninsula. Historically, it was also found in southern Florida, where it is now an uncommon visitor with potential small resident populations.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - WHITE TAILED JAY (CYANOCORAX MYSTACOLIS)

The white-tailed jay is overall white and bluish, with a black head. Its face is mostly black, with a small white spot above the eye, a small white moustachial stripe, and a somewhat larger white spot on the cheek. It has a white nape and belly. The back and wings are a greyish-blue, which extends down the top of the tail. The retrices, tail tip, and underside of the tail are white. It has bright yellow irises. There are no visual differences between the sexes. Juveniles have brown irises and lack both the white spot above the eye and the moustachial stripe. These features last until the first moult.

The white-tailed jay is roughly 33 cm (13 in) in length. One individual measured had a wing length of 146 mm (5.7 in), a 147 mm (5.8 in) tail, 40 mm (1.6 in) tarsi, and a 40 mm (1.6 in) beak. Weight measurements come from a single pair, with the male weighing 160 g (5.6 oz) and the female weighing 149 g (5.3 oz).

Little is known of the vocalizations of the white-tailed jay. Their most common call is described as "cha-cha-cha-cha", varying in pitch throughout. It is thought that this may be used socially. They also make a high-pitched "clewp-clewp" call. The white-tailed jay has fewer vocalizations than other species in its genus. This is likely because of its habitat, as it prefers open areas where visual communication is more useful.

The white-tailed jay is unique within its range, with no other species being visually similar. It is visually very similar to the tufted jay but their ranges do not overlap. Additionally, compared to the tufted jay, the white-tailed jay lacks a crest, has white on its outer wings, and less white on its tail.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - BLUE AND YELLOW MACAW (Ara ararauna)

The blue-and-yellow macaw, also known as the blue-and-gold macaw, is a magnificent Neotropical parrot that captivates with its striking coloration. The dorsum is predominantly a vivid blue, while the venter boasts a light yellow or orange hue. A gradient of green adorns the top of its head, adding to its vibrant appearance. This species is one of the larger macaws, with a length of 76–86 cm (30–34 in) and a weight ranging from 0.9 to 1.5 kg (2–3 lb).

To identify the blue-and-yellow macaw, look for its bright aqua blue feathers on the upper body, contrasting with a deep yellow or light orange underside. The head is a distinctive lime color. The beak and feathers under the chin are black, while the feet are gray with black talons. A notable feature is the white skin on its face, which is sparsely feathered, creating a striped pattern around the eyes. The irises of this macaw are a pale light yellow.

These macaws inhabit a variety of environments, including forests (notably varzea), woodlands, and savannahs. They are also found in open sections of terra firme or unflooded forest and have adapted to urban areas where they nest in ornamental palms.

The blue-and-yellow macaw's range spans tropical Central and South America, including Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Paraguay. It has a limited presence in Central America, restricted to Panama.

In the wild, blue-and-yellow macaws can live up to 30 to 35 years and reach sexual maturity between 3 and 6 years. They exhibit strong bonding behaviors and are known for their powerful beaks, which are used for breaking nutshells and climbing trees. These macaws are also adept at feeding on a variety of foods, including seeds, fruits, vegetable matter, bark, leaves, insects, snails, and small animals.

The blue-and-yellow macaw is known for its loud vocalizations, which include "flock calls" that are a natural part of their behavior.

These macaws are monogamous, generally mating for life. They prefer to nest in dead palms, particularly Mauritia flexuosa. The female lays two or three eggs and incubates them for about 28 days. Typically, only the dominant chick survives, with the others perishing in the nest. Fledging occurs approximately 97 days after hatching.

The blue-and-yellow macaw is listed as Least Concern by BirdLife International, with a wild population believed to be above 10,000 individuals. However, it is on the verge of extirpation in Paraguay and is in decline overall. It is listed on CITES Appendix II, indicating that trade is restricted.

The diet of the blue-and-yellow macaw includes nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetable matter, bark, leaves, insects, snails, and small animals. They use their powerful beaks to break open nutshells and forage for food.

In captivity, these macaws require attention and can be quite vocal. They need ample space to fly and can live up to 60 years or more with proper care. Their behavior includes "screaming" for attention, loud vocalizations, and destructive chewing. They are known to blush and fluff their facial feathers when interacting with humans, possibly indicating their emotional state.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - ROSY BILLED POCHARD (FEMALE) (Netta peposaca)

The Rosy-billed Pochard, Netta peposaca, is a striking member of the duck family Anatidae. This species is known for its distinctive bright red bill adorned with a rounded knob at the base, a feature most prominent in males. The male's plumage is a rich tapestry of purplish-black on the head, neck, and breast, with contrasting gray sides and a white crissum. Females, on the other hand, present a more subdued brown plumage with a bluish-gray bill tipped in black. Both sexes share the characteristic white primaries and secondaries visible in flight, and their legs range from yellow to orange.

When observing the Rosy-billed Pochard, look for the male's vibrant red bill with its pronounced knob, particularly during the mating season when it becomes more vivid. In flight, the white wing patches are a telltale sign, contrasting sharply with the darker body. Females can be identified by their more muted tones and the white crissum, which stands out against their brown feathers.

These pochards favor wetland environments, making their homes in tall grasses within marshes, swamps, and small lakes. They are adept at nesting over water at the water's edge, often in areas rich in vegetation.

Endemic to South America, the Rosy-billed Pochard is found across Argentina, central Chile, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southern Brazil. During the austral winter, the southern Argentine population migrates northward, reaching as far as Brazil and southern Bolivia. They are occasional vagrants to the Falkland Islands.

Social by nature, Rosy-billed Pochards often gather in large flocks, sometimes numbering in the thousands. Their movements are closely tied to water conditions, with seasonal migrations prompted by dry periods in their central Argentine habitats.

The Rosy-billed Pochard's call is a deep 'honk', characteristic of the Anatidae family but notably deeper than that of a Mallard. Their vocalizations, though not extensively recorded, are relatively quiet and serve various communicative purposes.

Breeding pairs form seasonal bonds and engage in elaborate courtship displays, including mock preenings and head bobbings. Nesting typically occurs from October to November, with females laying up to 10 cream to greenish eggs. The female alone incubates the eggs and raises the ducklings without assistance from the male.

Omnivorous in nature, Rosy-billed Pochards primarily feed on seeds from knotgrass and barnyard grasses, as well as roots, sedges, and aquatic plants. They obtain energy-rich seeds to meet their thermoregulatory needs. Although classified as diving ducks, they feed more like dabbling ducks, rarely diving for food.

The Rosy-billed Pochard is currently listed as Least Concern, with populations on the rise and no severe fragmentation. Conservation efforts include systematic monitoring and the establishment of protected areas throughout their range. However, they face threats from hunting and lead poisoning in certain regions.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - COMMON SHELDUCK (FEMALE) (Tadorna tadorna)

The common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna, is a waterfowl species that graces the Euro-Siberian region with its presence. It is a medium-sized bird, akin to a small, short-necked goose, and is quite the sight with its white plumage contrasted by chestnut patches and a black underbelly. The head and neck are a dark, iridescent green, and the bill is a reddish-pink, with the male sporting a conspicuous knob on the forehead during the breeding season. Pink feet complete the ensemble, making this bird a striking figure in its habitat.

To identify the common shelduck, look for the distinctive reddish-pink bill and pink feet. The male, especially in breeding plumage, has a bright red bill with a prominent knob. The female is slightly smaller and has white facial markings. Both sexes have a white body with chestnut patches, a black belly, and a dark green head and neck. In flight, the green and chestnut secondary feathers become visible, contrasting with the predominantly white underwings.

The common shelduck is found in a variety of wetland habitats, including temperate lakes and rivers, as well as estuaries and tidal mudflats in winter. It has a particular fondness for salt marshes and estuaries and is known to breed in rabbit burrows, tree holes, and even haystacks.

This species is widespread across temperate Eurasia. It breeds in temperate regions and migrates to subtropical areas for wintering. Some populations remain resident in the westernmost parts of Europe, while others undertake movements to moulting grounds like the Wadden Sea.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - CATTLE EGRET (Bubulcus ibis)

The Cattle Egret, a member of the heron family Ardeidae, is a small white bird recognized for its association with grazing animals. It exhibits a stout build, with a wingspan ranging from 88 to 96 cm, and a body length between 46 to 56 cm. The species is relatively light, weighing between 270 to 512 grams. It is characterized by a short, thick neck, a robust bill, and a somewhat hunched posture.

Outside the breeding season, the adult Cattle Egret has predominantly white plumage, a yellow bill, and greyish-yellow legs. Come breeding time, the western variety develops striking orange-buff plumes on the back, breast, and crown, while the bill, legs, and irises turn a vivid red. The eastern variety differs slightly with buff coloration extending to the cheeks and throat during breeding, and the plumes taking on a more golden hue. Both sexes are similar in appearance, though males are marginally larger with longer breeding plumes.

Cattle Egrets are adaptable birds that exploit a variety of drier and open habitats more than other heron species. Their preferred environments include seasonally inundated grasslands, pastures, farmlands, wetlands, and rice paddies.

Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, the Cattle Egret has seen a significant expansion in its distribution, colonizing much of the rest of the world over the last century. It is now found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones globally.

Cattle Egrets are often seen in the company of cattle or other large mammals, benefiting from the insects and small vertebrates these animals disturb. They are known for their migratory behavior, with some populations moving seasonally, while others disperse post-breeding.

At breeding colonies, the Cattle Egret emits a soft, guttural "rick-rack" call but is generally quiet outside this setting.

Breeding occurs in colonies, often near water and in the company of other wading birds. The nest is a platform of sticks in trees or shrubs. Both parents are involved in nest construction and incubation, which lasts about 23 days. Chicks are born with some down and are dependent on their parents for warmth and food.

The diet is varied, primarily consisting of insects like grasshoppers, crickets, and flies. They also consume spiders, frogs, small reptiles, and occasionally bird eggs and chicks. They are known to forage in fields, often near grazing animals, and have been observed following farm machinery to catch disturbed prey.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - GOLDEN PHEASANT (MALE) (Chrysolophus pictus)

The Golden Pheasant, or Chrysolophus pictus, is a resplendent bird belonging to the pheasant family. Its name reflects its regal bearing and the lustrous, golden crest adorning its head. The male is particularly striking with a bright red body and a cape that, when displayed, reveals an eye-catching pattern of black and orange. The female, while more subdued in color, has her own elegance with mottled brown plumage.

Males are unmistakable with their golden crest and rump, red body, and orange 'cape'. Their face is a contrasting rusty tan, and they have a bright yellow eye with a black pupil. The green upper back transitions to a golden-yellow on the lower back and rump. Females are less colorful, resembling the common pheasant but with a longer tail and a buff face and throat.

These birds are native to the mountainous forests of western China, but have been introduced to various other regions where they inhabit similar forested environments

Beyond their native range in China, Golden Pheasants have established feral populations across the globe, including the United Kingdom, parts of Europe, and North and South America.

Golden Pheasants are ground feeders by day and roost in trees at night. They are known to forage near human settlements in winter and exhibit a preference for running over flying, which they do in short, clumsy bursts.

The male Golden Pheasant emits a metallic call during the breeding season, which is part of its courtship display.

Females lay clutches of 8 to 12 eggs and incubate them for approximately 22-23 days.

Their diet consists of grain, leaves, and invertebrates. In winter, they often feed on wheat leaves and seeds.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - SCARLET IBIS (Eudocimus ruber)

The Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber), sometimes referred to as the red ibis, is a strikingly colored member of the ibis family, Threskiornithidae. Its brilliant scarlet plumage sets it apart from other species, making it an unmistakable sight in its native habitats. This bird is one of the two national birds of Trinidad and Tobago and is celebrated in the region's culture and folklore.

Adult Scarlet Ibises are predominantly scarlet, with the intensity of color varying slightly across their feathers. The tips of their wings are the only exception, displaying a rich inky black or dark blue on the longest primaries. The bill and feet are generally red, though the bill may darken towards the end. Juveniles start out grey, brown, and white, gradually acquiring the adult's scarlet hue as they mature. Adults measure 55–63 centimeters in length, with a wingspan of approximately 54 centimeters.

Scarlet Ibises favor wetlands and marshy environments, including mudflats, shorelines, and rainforests. They are often found in areas with abundant water sources, such as swamps, where they can forage for food.

This species has a broad range across South America and the Caribbean. It is native to Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and several Caribbean islands. The Scarlet Ibis is also known to inhabit the coastal regions of various Brazilian states.

Scarlet Ibises are strong fliers, migrating in flocks that adopt the classic V formation. They are sociable birds, living in groups and nesting in close proximity to one another. These birds are also known for their aggressive behavior when foraging, often dominating over other species to secure food.

1-4-2018 PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - FULVOUS WHISTLING DUCK (Dendrocygna bicolor)

The Fulvous Whistling Duck, or Fulvous Tree Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), is a medium-sized, long-legged member of the waterfowl family Anatidae. It is characterized by its rich buff head, neck, and breast, with a darker back and mantle. The species exhibits a striking white band across its black tail when in flight, and possesses a long grey bill and grey legs.

Adults measure between 45–53 cm in length, with a wingspan of 85 to 93 cm. Males weigh between 748–1,050 g, while females are slightly lighter. The plumage is mainly reddish-brown, with a dark stripe running down the back of the neck. In flight, the lack of white markings on the wings and the white crescent on the rump are distinctive. The call is a clear whistling kee-wee-ooo, often heard at night.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck favors wetlands with abundant vegetation, such as shallow lakes and paddy fields. It avoids wooded areas and is typically found in lowland marshes and swamps.

This species has a vast range, breeding across tropical regions in Mexico, South America, the West Indies, the southern United States, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. It is known for seasonal movements in response to water and food availability.

Often found in small groups, these ducks can form large flocks in preferred habitats. They are adept walkers and feed by upending or occasionally diving. They are not habitual tree perchers and fly at low altitudes in loose flocks. They are vocal and display aggression through head movements.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck is known for its distinctive whistling call, a kee-wee-ooo, which can be heard both in flight and on the ground. A harsh repeated kee is also heard during disputes.

Breeding coincides with water availability, with lifelong monogamous pairs. The nest is built on the ground or in tree holes, with a typical clutch of around ten whitish eggs. Incubation is shared by both parents, and ducklings hatch in 24–29 days, leaving the nest shortly after.

The Lesser Whistling Duck is similar but smaller, with a blackish crown and no dark neck stripe. Juvenile Comb Ducks are bulkier and have a dark cap on the head.

The diet consists mainly of plant material, including seeds and stems. During breeding, females may consume more animal matter. They forage by walking, swimming, upending, or occasionally diving.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with an estimated population of 1.3 to 1.5 million individuals globally. Despite declines in some areas, the species' large numbers and extensive range contribute to its status. It is subject to hunting and habitat loss in some regions but has shown strong colonizing tendencies, expanding its range in recent decades.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - MANDARIN DUCK (MALE) (Aix galericulata)

The Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) is a captivating species of perching duck native to the East Palearctic. Exhibiting pronounced sexual dimorphism, the male is adorned with an array of spectacular colors and ornate plumage, while the female maintains a more subdued appearance. This medium-sized duck measures 41–49 cm in length with a wingspan of 65–75 cm. It shares its genus with the North American Wood Duck, its closest relative.

The male Mandarin Duck is unmistakable with its red bill, large white crescent above the eye, and a face graced with reddish "whiskers." The breast is a rich purple with two vertical white bars, and the flanks are a vibrant ruddy color, complemented by two sail-like orange feathers at the back. The female, on the other hand, resembles the female Wood Duck, with a more muted grayish-lavender plumage, a distinctive white eye-ring, and a stripe extending from the eye. Both sexes boast crests, though the male's is more prominent.

Mandarin Ducks favor the dense, shrubby forested edges of rivers and lakes for breeding. They are typically found in low-lying areas but may also breed in valleys up to 1,500 meters in altitude. In winter, they can be found in marshes, flooded fields, and open rivers, and may also inhabit coastal lagoons and estuaries.

Originally widespread in East Asia, the Mandarin Duck's populations have declined in eastern Russia and China. However, Japan still hosts approximately 5,000 pairs. The species migrates to overwinter in lowland eastern China and southern Japan. In the British Isles and Western Europe, introduced populations have established, with notable numbers in Great Britain and the region of Berlin. Isolated populations also exist in the United States.

Mandarin Ducks favor the dense, shrubby forested edges of rivers and lakes for breeding. They are typically found in low-lying areas but may also breed in valleys up to 1,500 meters in altitude. In winter, they can be found in marshes, flooded fields, and open rivers, and may also inhabit coastal lagoons and estuaries.

Originally widespread in East Asia, the Mandarin Duck's populations have declined in eastern Russia and China. However, Japan still hosts approximately 5,000 pairs. The species migrates to overwinter in lowland eastern China and southern Japan. In the British Isles and Western Europe, introduced populations have established, with notable numbers in Great Britain and the region of Berlin. Isolated populations also exist in the United States.

Mandarin Ducks are known for their shyness, often seeking cover under trees and forming smaller flocks. They may become more confident in the presence of humans.

Mandarin Ducks breed in densely wooded areas near water sources. They nest in tree cavities, laying a clutch of nine to twelve eggs in the spring. The male does not incubate the eggs and departs before they hatch. The ducklings leap from the nest to follow their mother to water shortly after hatching.

The diet of Mandarin Ducks varies seasonally, consisting mainly of plants and seeds, such as beech mast. They also consume snails, insects, small fish, and in different seasons, acorns, grains, dew worms, frogs, mollusks, and small snakes. They typically feed at dawn or dusk.

The Mandarin Duck is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. However, habitat loss and accidental hunting pose threats to the species.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - RED EYED DOVE (Streptopelia semitorquata)

The red-eyed dove, Streptopelia semitorquata, presents itself as a largish and stocky pigeon, measuring around 30 cm in length. Its plumage is a tapestry of pale brown across the back, wings, and tail, with a striking contrast of dark vinous-pink on the head and underparts, fading into a pale grey facade on the face. A distinctive black hind neck patch, neatly framed with white, adorns its nape, while the legs and a patch of bare skin encircling the eye boast a vivid red hue.

When observing the red-eyed dove, look for the characteristic blackish flight feathers displayed during flight. Both sexes mirror each other in appearance, but the juveniles can be distinguished by their duller coloration and the scalloped pattern adorning their body feathers.

This species is quite adaptable, making its home in a variety of habitats, save for deserts. It shows a preference for forests near rivers, where it can be seen foraging or resting.

The red-eyed dove is a common sight throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, where it has established a widespread presence, avoiding only the arid expanses of the desert.

The red-eyed dove is known for its solitary or paired foraging habits, as opposed to forming large flocks. It constructs a simple stick nest within the branches of a tree, where it lays a clutch of two white eggs. In flight, it exhibits the typical pigeon pattern of regular beats interspersed with occasional sharp wing flicks.

Its vocal repertoire consists of a loud and distinctive "doo-doo-du-du," a call that resonates through its habitat.

A diet of grass seeds, grains, and other vegetation sustains the red-eyed dove, with much of its foraging taking place on the ground.

The red-eyed dove enjoys a status of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, reflecting its stable population numbers since 2004.

While similar in appearance to the Eurasian collared dove, the red-eyed dove can be differentiated by its unique coloration and the red patch of skin around its eye.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - GREY GO AWAY BIRD (Corythaixoides concolor)

The Grey go-away-bird (Crinifer concolor) is a bold and common turaco of the southern Afrotropics. They regularly form groups that forage in tree tops, or dust bathe on the ground. Within their range, their unique combination of color, appearance, and habits precludes confusion with other bird species.

These birds have an almost uniform smoky-grey plumage with long tails and a wispy, back-swept crest of some 6 to 7 cm in length. The crest can be raised almost vertically when excited. The strong, decurved beak is black and the gape and tongue strikingly pink. The plumage is darkest grey on the chin and throat, and palest around the eyes and on the belly. The breast plumage is washed slightly olive.

Grey go-away-birds are native to southern Angola, southern DRC, Zambia, southern Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Eswatini. They inhabit arid to moist, and relatively open savanna woodlands, especially where Acacia trees are present. They frequent the edges of miombo woodland and occur commonly along water courses, dry riparian forests, and in Acacia woodland on alluvium. They also frequent farms, suburban gardens, and parks. They require water and disperse along tributaries of desert rivers when water flows. They have no regular migrations but wander about irregularly in search of food and water.

Grey go-away-birds are social and can form groups and parties numbering even 20-30 individuals. They spend the days moving about in search of food near the treetops. Their flight is rather slow and labored, but they can cover long distances. Once in the open treetops, however, these birds can run along tree limbs and jump from branch to branch. Especially when disturbed, they make their presence known by their characteristically loud and nasal 'kweh' or 'go-way' calls.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - NICOBAR PIGEON (Caloenas nicobarica)

The Nicobar pigeon, a large and resplendent bird, measures 40 cm in length. Its plumage is a tapestry of metallic green, with a head of soft grey transitioning to vibrant green and copper hackles. The tail, in stark contrast, is a pure white and notably short.

Males are distinguished by their slightly larger size and more pronounced bill knob. Females, on the other hand, exhibit a smaller knob, shorter hackles, and a tendency towards browner underparts. Juveniles can be identified by their black tails and a near absence of iridescence. Across its range, the species shows little variation, with the exception of the Palau subspecies, which sports marginally shorter neck hackles.

This species thrives in dense forests on secluded offshore islets, often forming large colonies.

The Nicobar pigeon's range spans from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India, through the Malay Archipelago, to New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, and Palau.

These pigeons are gregarious, moving in flocks from island to island, favoring predator-free offshore islets for roosting and foraging in human-inhabited areas during the day. They exhibit a swift and rhythmic flight pattern, often flying in single file or columns.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - YELLOW BACKED CHATTERING LORY (lorius garrulas)

The chattering lory (Lorius garrulus) is a forest-dwelling parrot endemic to North Maluku, Indonesia. It is considered vulnerable, the main threat being from trapping for the cage-bird trade.

The race L. g. flavopalliatus is known as the yellow-backed lory.

Three subspecies are recognised:

L. g. flavopalliatus Salvadori 1877 – Yellow-backed lory, found on Kasiruta, Bacan, Obi and Mandiole Islands

L. g. garrulus (Linnaeus, 1758) – nominate, found on Halmahera, Widi and Ternate Islands

L. g. morotaianus (van Bemmel, 1940) – found on Morotai and Rau Islands

The chattering lory is 30 cm (12 in) long. It is mostly red with an all-red head and an orange beak. The eyerings are grey and the irises are orange-red. The wings are mainly green and the angle of the wing is yellow. Its thighs are green. The tail is tipped with dark green. It has dark grey legs. It may or may not have a yellow area on its back depending on the subspecies.

2-4-2018 PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - COMMON BULBUL (Pycnonotus barbatus)

The common bulbul, or Pycnonotus barbatus, is a passerine bird belonging to the bulbul family. It is characterized by a fairly short, thin bill with a slightly downward curve on the upper mandible. The plumage is similar for both sexes, featuring a dark brown head and upperparts. The bird's bill, legs, and feet are black, and it possesses a dark brown eye with an inconspicuous dark eye-ring. With a length of about 18 cm (7.1 in), the common bulbul has a notably long tail.

When identifying the common bulbul, look for its dark brown head and upperparts, and its long tail. The black bill, legs, and feet are also distinctive, as is the dark brown eye. The eye-ring may be difficult to discern. The bird's overall length and silhouette are key features to observe.

The common bulbul is adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats including woodland, coastal bush, forest edges, riverine bush, montane scrub, and mixed farming areas. It also thrives in exotic thickets, gardens, and parks.

This species is a widespread resident breeder across much of Africa, and has even been found breeding as far north as southern Spain. Its range extends from Morocco to Tunisia, southern Mauritania to western Chad and northern Cameroon, central Nigeria to Gabon and southern Congo, eastern Chad to northern and central Sudan and eastern Egypt, and in southeastern Sudan, western, central, and eastern Ethiopia, and Eritrea.

The common bulbul is typically observed in pairs or small groups. It is a conspicuous bird, often perching at the top of a bush. Its behavior is active and noisy, and its flight pattern is bouncing and reminiscent of a woodpecker.

The vocalizations of the common bulbul are quite loud, with a distinctive call that sounds like "doctor-quick doctor-quick be-quick be-quick."

Breeding occurs throughout the year in the moist tropics, with a seasonal peak coinciding with the onset of the rainy season in other areas. The nest is a rigid, thick-walled, and cup-shaped structure, typically hidden within the leafy foliage of a small tree or shrub. Clutch size is generally two or three eggs. The species is known to be parasitized by the Jacobin cuckoo.

The diet of the common bulbul consists of fruit, nectar, seeds, and insects, making it an omnivorous bird.

The IUCN Red List has classified the common bulbul as Least Concern, indicating that it is not currently at significant risk of widespread decline.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - WOOD DUCK (MALE) (Aix sponsa)

The Wood Duck, known scientifically as Aix sponsa, is a medium-sized perching duck native to North America. It is one of the most splendidly plumaged waterfowl on the continent. Adult Wood Ducks measure from 47 to 54 cm in length with a wingspan of 66 to 73 cm, and weigh between 454 and 862 grams. The male is particularly striking with iridescent plumage and red eyes, complemented by a distinctive white flare down the neck. The female is more subdued in coloration, featuring a white eye-ring and a whitish throat. Both sexes boast crested heads, and their speculum is an iridescent blue-green with a white trailing edge.

To identify the male Wood Duck, look for its multicolored iridescent plumage and red eyes, along with the white flare down its neck. The female can be recognized by her white eye-ring and whitish throat. Both sexes have crested heads, which are a key feature for identification.

Wood Ducks inhabit wooded swamps, shallow lakes, marshes, ponds, and creeks. They show a preference for areas with ample tree cover close to water bodies.

These ducks are found throughout the eastern United States, the west coast, parts of southern Canada, and the west coast of Mexico. Northern populations migrate south for the winter, while birds in the southern range tend to be year-round residents.