25-6-2018 VILLALONGA, VALENCIA - SPOTTED FLYCATCHER (Muscicapa striata)

The Spotted Flycatcher, Muscicapa striata, is a modestly adorned yet charming small passerine bird belonging to the Old World flycatcher family. It is a migratory species, breeding across Europe and the Palearctic as far as Siberia, and spending the winter months in Africa and southwestern Asia. Despite its widespread presence, there is concern over its decline in certain areas.

Adult Spotted Flycatchers possess grey-brown upperparts and a somewhat pallid underbelly. Their crown and breast are streaked, which is the origin of their common name. They have short, black legs and a black bill shaped to suit their insectivorous diet. Juveniles can be distinguished by their browner plumage and the presence of spots on their upperparts.

These birds favor deciduous woodlands, parks, and gardens, particularly those with open spaces amidst trees.

The Spotted Flycatcher has a broad breeding range, extending from Europe to western Siberia and northwest Africa. During the non-breeding season, they migrate to southern Africa.

With an upright posture, these flycatchers are often seen hunting from prominent perches, darting out to snatch flying insects and frequently returning to the same spot.

The call of the Spotted Flycatcher is a soft, high-pitched, and slightly descending 'tssssseeeeeppppp'.

The Spotted Flycatcher constructs an open nest in a recess, often against a wall, and is amenable to using open-fronted nest boxes. Clutches typically consist of 4-6 eggs. Remarkably, they exhibit excellent egg recognition, a likely evolutionary response to past parasitism by the common cuckoo.

The Mediterranean flycatcher, previously considered a subspecies, is similar in appearance but has been recognized as a separate species due to genetic differences.

As aerial insectivores, Spotted Flycatchers feed on flying insects, which they catch in mid-air from their vantage points.

24-6-2018 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - MOORISH GECKO (Tarentola mauritanica)

Tarentola mauritanica, known as the common wall gecko, is a species of gecko (Gekkota) native to the western Mediterranean area of North Africa and Europe. It has been introduced to Madeira and Balearic Islands, and the Americas (in Montevideo, Buenos Aires and California). A nocturnal animal with a predominantly insectivorous diet, it is commonly observed on walls in urban environments in warm coastal areas; it can be found further inland, especially in Spain where it has a tradition of cohabitation with humans as an insect hunter. A robust species, up to 15 centimetres (5.9 in) long, its tubercules are enlarged and give the species a spiny armoured appearance.

The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is also known as Moorish gecko, crocodile gecko, European common gecko, and, regionally, as osga (in Portuguese), salamanquesa (in Spanish) and dragó (in Catalan).

The Common wall gecko is a small lizard native to the western Mediterranean area of North Africa and Europe. It is commonly observed on walls in urban environments, mainly in warm coastal areas. However, the Common wall gecko can be found further inland, especially in Spain where it has a tradition of cohabitation with humans as insect hunter. This little creature is brownish-grey or brown in color with darker or lighter spots. These colors change in intensity according to the light. When geckos are active by day their color is darker than during the night.

Common wall geckos are mainly nocturnal or crepuscular. They may also be active during the day, on sunny days especially at the end of the winter. They like to receive sunlight near their refuge. They prefer to forage and spend their time singly; in the warmer months of the year, geckos can often be seen hunting nocturnal insects near light sources and street lamps.

24-6-2018 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - HOUSE SPARROW (JUVENILE) (Passer domesticus)

The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of 16 cm (6.3 in) and a mass of 24–39.5 g (0.85–1.39 oz). Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, and males have brighter black, white, and brown markings. One of about 25 species in the genus Passer, the house sparrow is native to most of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, and a large part of Asia. Its intentional or accidental introductions to many regions, including parts of Australasia, Africa, and the Americas, make it the most widely distributed wild bird.

The house sparrow is strongly associated with human habitation, and can live in urban or rural settings. Though found in widely varied habitats and climates, it typically avoids extensive woodlands, grasslands, polar regions, and hot, dry deserts far away from human development. For sustenance, the house sparrow routinely feeds at home and public bird feeding stations, but naturally feeds on the seeds of grains, flowering plants and weeds. However, it is an opportunistic, omnivorous eater, and commonly catches insects, their larvae, caterpillars, invertebrates and many other natural foods.

24-6-2018 VILLALONGA RESERVOIR, VALENCIA - EURASIAN COLLARED DOVE (Streptopelia decaocto)

The Eurasian collared dove, also known as the collared dove or Turkish dove (Streptopelia decaocto), is a bird of modest size, presenting a grey-buff to pinkish-grey plumage that is slightly darker above than below. It is recognized by its distinctive black half-collar edged with white on its nape, from which it derives its name. The species exhibits a blue-grey underwing patch and a tail that is grey-buff above, with dark grey and white-tipped feathers below. The sexes appear similar, with juveniles displaying a less developed collar and a brown iris.

To identify the Eurasian collared dove, look for its medium size, slimmer and longer-tailed body compared to a rock pigeon, and a shorter stature than the wood pigeon. The red legs, black bill, and red iris surrounded by a small area of bare skin, which may appear white or yellow, are key features. The bird's song, a three-part cooing "goo-GOO-goo," and a harsh screeching call are also distinctive identifiers.

This species is often found in proximity to human habitation, particularly where food is plentiful and trees are available for nesting. It is not uncommon to see these doves frequenting bird tables and farms.

Originally from warm temperate and subtropical Asia, the Eurasian collared dove has expanded its range dramatically, colonizing colder countries and becoming a permanent resident in many. Its range now includes Europe, North America, and the Caribbean.

The Eurasian collared dove is known for its dispersive nature rather than migratory habits. It is a monogamous bird that shares parental duties and can breed throughout the year when food is abundant. The male performs a ritual flight during courtship, and the species can produce several broods annually.

The Eurasian collared dove's song is a distinctive "goo-GOO-goo," while its call is a harsh screech lasting about two seconds, often heard in flight before landing.

Breeding occurs close to human settlements, with nests typically within 1 km of inhabited buildings. The female lays two white eggs, which are incubated by both parents. Breeding can happen year-round in favorable conditions.

The diet of the Eurasian collared dove consists mainly of grain, seeds, shoots, and insects. They are gregarious and can form sizeable flocks in winter around food sources.

24-4-2018 VILLALONGA RESERVOIR, VALENCIA - SCARLET DARTER DRAGONFLY (MALE) (Crocothemis erythraea)

The scarlet dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. Its common names include broad scarlet, common scarlet-darter, and scarlet darter.

The scarlet dragonfly is a common species in southern Europe and throughout Africa. It also occurs across western Asia as far as southern China. It is a very rare vagrant in Britain. Its first record in the country was at Hayle Kimbro Pool, The Lizard, Cornwall, on 7 August 1995. Since then there have been a few further records at scattered locations throughout Britain.

A wide range of both running and standing waters, except those that are shaded. Adults may be found some distance from water in habitats ranging from desert to open woodland; absent from dense forest.

Crocothemis erythraea can reach a length of 33–44 millimetres (1.3–1.7 in). These dragonflies haves a flattened and rather broad abdomen. The adult male scarlet dragonfly has a bright scarlet red, widened abdomen, with small amber patches at the bases of the hindwings. Also the veins on the leading edges of the wings are red. Females and immatures are yellow-brown and have a conspicuous pale stripe along the top of the thorax.

24-6-2018 LA FONT EN CARROS, VALENCIA - LITTLE OWL (Athene noctua)

The Little Owl, Athene noctua, is a diminutive yet distinctive bird, often associated with the goddess Athena in Greek mythology and Minerva in Roman lore. This bird is characterized by a flat-topped head, a robust, compact body, and a relatively short tail. Its plumage is a mottled greyish-brown, adorned with white spots, streaks, and bars, giving it a cryptic appearance. Both sexes are similar in size, measuring approximately 22 cm in length with a wingspan of 56 cm, and weighing around 180 grams.

The Little Owl possesses a large head, elongated legs, and striking yellow eyes. Its white "eyebrows" lend it a somewhat stern expression. Juvenile birds are somewhat duller than adults and lack the white crown spots. The species is known for its woodpecker-like bounding flight. During the moult, which occurs from July to November, males begin shedding feathers before females.

This owl favors open countryside and thrives in a variety of habitats, including agricultural lands with hedgerows and trees, orchards, woodland edges, parks, gardens, steppes, and semi-deserts. It can also be found in treeless areas such as dunes, and near human-made structures like ruins and quarries.

The Little Owl's range spans much of temperate and warmer parts of Europe, the Palearctic east to Korea, and North Africa. It has been introduced to Britain and the South Island of New Zealand, where it has established populations.

The Little Owl is known for its territorial nature, with males defending their territories from intruders. It is partly diurnal and can often be seen perched in prominent positions during the day. Its diet consists of insects, earthworms, other invertebrates, and small vertebrates. The owl is adept at swooping down on prey from its perch and is known to cache surplus food.

The Little Owl's call is a querulous "kiew, kiew," and it also produces various whistling or trilling sounds. During the breeding season, it may emit more modulated calls, and pairs can engage in duets. Near the nest, the owl may make yelping, chattering, or barking noises.

Breeding season sees increased vocal activity at night in late spring. Nests are located in a variety of places, including tree holes, cliffs, and old buildings. The female lays a clutch of about four eggs, which she incubates. The male provides food during this period, and both parents feed the chicks once hatched. Young owls fledge at about seven weeks of age.

The Little Owl can be confused with other small owl species, but its distinctive "eyebrows," yellow eyes, and flight pattern help differentiate it.

The Little Owl's diet is diverse, including mammals like mice and voles, birds, and a wide range of insects. It hunts both on the ground and in flight, and food caching behavior has been observed.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has classified the Little Owl as "Least Concern" due to its extensive range and large overall population, which appears to be stable.

24-6-2018 PEGO MARJAL, ALICANTE - NOMAD DRAGONFLY (FEMALE) (Sympetrum fonscolombii)

The red-veined darter or nomad (Sympetrum fonscolombii) is a dragonfly of the genus Sympetrum.

Sympetrum fonscolombii was named under the protonym Libellula fonscolombii by the Belgian entomologist Edmond de Sélys Longchamps, in 1840, in honor of the French entomologist Étienne of Fonscolombe (hence the species name). Its name is sometimes spelt fonscolombei instead of fonscolombii but Askew (2004) gives the latter as the correct spelling.

Sympetrum fonscolombii can reach a body length of 38–40 millimetres (1.5–1.6 in). This species is similar to other Sympetrum species but a good view with binoculars should give a positive identification, especially with a male.

Males have a red abdomen, redder than many other Sympetrum species. The frons and the thorax are red-brown. The eyes are brown above and blue/grey below. The wings have red veins and the wing bases of the hind-wings are yellow. The pterostigma is pale yellow with a border of black veins.

Female are similar but the abdomen is ochre yellow, not red, with two black lines along each side. The wings have yellow veins at the costa, leading edge and base, not red veins as found in the males. The legs of both sexes are mostly black with some yellow.

Immature males are like females but often with more red and a single line along each side of the abdomen.

24-6-2018 PEGO MARJAL, ALICANTE - RED VEINED DARTER DRAGONFLY (MALE) (Sympetrum fonscolombii)

The red-veined darter or nomad (Sympetrum fonscolombii) is a dragonfly of the genus Sympetrum.

Sympetrum fonscolombii can reach a body length of 38–40 millimetres (1.5–1.6 in). This species is similar to other Sympetrum species but a good view with binoculars should give a positive identification, especially with a male.

Males have a red abdomen, redder than many other Sympetrum species. The frons and the thorax are red-brown. The eyes are brown above and blue/grey below. The wings have red veins and the wing bases of the hind-wings are yellow. The pterostigma is pale yellow with a border of black veins.

Female are similar but the abdomen is ochre yellow, not red, with two black lines along each side. The wings have yellow veins at the costa, leading edge and base, not red veins as found in the males. The legs of both sexes are mostly black with some yellow.

Immature males are like females but often with more red and a single line along each side of the abdomen.

Male S. fonscolombii can be mistaken for Crocothemis erythraea as both are very red dragonflies with yellow bases to the wings, red veins and pale pterostigma. However C. erythraea has no black on the legs, a broader body and no black on the head. Also C. erythraea females do not oviposit in tandem. The gestalt image of these two species is different and with some experience are easy to tell apart.

24-4-2018 VILLALONGA RESERVOIR, VALENCIA - WESTERN MONTPELLIER SNAKE (Malpolon monspessulanus)

It is very common in Spain, Portugal and Northwest Africa, being also present in the southern Mediterranean coast of France. The snake's specific name, monspessulanus, is a Latinized form of Montpellier, a city in southern France.

Although it is venomous, only a few cases of envenomation of humans are known, one of which occurred when a finger was inserted into the snake's mouth. The Montpellier snake is not a dangerous snake for humans. The rear fangs reduce the possibility of venom injection, and the venom is of low toxicity. Venom injections are possible in bites of big individuals. The venom is not very dangerous; symptomatic treatment suffices to treat an envenomation. The unthreatening nature of the snake, along with its relatively mild persecution by man, has made it one of the most common species throughout its range, even in areas occupied by humans.

This is a large but not very strong snake. It is the biggest snake that we can find in the province, as it can be nearly 2 meters long (normally 150 cm). Its head and its tail are narrow and long. The scales around its eyes are prominent on its head, forming a protrusion resembling an eyebrow, giving it a special profile.  Pupils are round and the frontal scale (located on the upper part of the head, just in the middle) is twice as long as it is wide. The scales are smooth (without any long and prominent midway line), they are not shiny and are a bit depressed in the middle. Adult males are uniformly green, with an ashen black spot in the first third of the body (called "riding saddle"); whereas females and young snakes are a russet brown, with a regular spotted brown, white and black pattern. Male and female's abdomen is white or smooth dirty-yellowish coloured.

A typical specimen of the Mediterranean mountains. It lives in nearly every type of hills with natural vegetation and warm and sunny environment. It can easily adapt to places altered by people and it is very common in agricultural areas, as well as in urban centres, suburbs and small villages.

It is a snake with terrestrial and daytime habits. It likes having long sun baths in stony places, cairns and rock walls, where it can actively hunt.  It has a very diverse diet: from insects (especially young ones) to chicken and bird eggs, little mammals and other reptiles. Sometimes it ingests decaying flesh. It can be aggressive if someone tries to catch it and it could even bite. It is an opisthoglyphous snake: that means it has special teeth at the back of its mandible to release venom. These teeth are ribbed and connected to venom glands, but its position makes it complicated to release venom to humans if bitten. The bite is not dangerous; it can cause a small reaction, but it usually does not represent a real danger for people who endure it.

The mating period lasts from May to June. Some 20-30 days after mating, a female lays between 3 and 15 eggs in a humid and sunny place (under leaves, in holes between rocks, dumps, under trunks, rabbit holes or abandoned beehives...). Pups are born from August to September and are very small (20-30 cm) compared to  adults.

It is a common species. It is one of the most common snakes; it is very easy to observe, because of its population density and ubiquity. Its size and day-time habits helps to detect it. It is very common in the province of Málaga. Although we can find it all over the province, it is more common in protected areas (the west half part of the province and mountain ranges), and sparser in modified areas (northern farming lands, Costa del Sol...). We can find it on every stage of the Great Path (Gran Senda).

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - SENEGAL PARROT (Poicephalus senegalus)

The Senegal parrot, Poicephalus senegalus, is a small, vibrant bird with a charming appearance. It measures approximately 23 centimeters in length and weighs between 120 to 170 grams. The species boasts a large head and beak proportionate to its body size, and its plumage includes a short, broad tail. Adults are characterized by a charcoal grey head, a grey beak, and bright yellow irises. Their back and throat are green, transitioning into a yellow underparts and rump. The yellow and green hues on their front form a distinctive V-shape, reminiscent of a yellow vest over green attire.

While Senegal parrots are not sexually dimorphic, certain subtle differences may suggest the gender of an adult bird. Females often have a longer V-shaped "vest," with the green area extending down to between the legs, whereas males typically have the green area ending midway down the chest. Females may also have a slightly smaller and narrower head and beak compared to males. The under-tail covert feathers are usually yellow in males and green in females. Size and weight can also be indicators, with males generally being larger and heavier. However, DNA testing remains the most reliable method for determining sex.

Senegal parrots inhabit open woodlands and savannas, thriving in the diverse landscapes of West Africa.

This species is a resident breeder across a wide range of West Africa, with migrations within the region in response to the availability of their diet, which consists mainly of fruit, seeds, and blossoms.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - RED WINGED STARLING (Onychognathus morio)

The red-winged starling is not endangered and can be a pest in some areas, raiding orchards and attacking people that wander too close to their nests.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - WESTERN CATTLE EGRET (Bubulcus ibis ssp. ibis)

The Cattle Egret, a member of the heron family Ardeidae, is a small white bird recognized for its association with grazing animals. It exhibits a stout build, with a wingspan ranging from 88 to 96 cm, and a body length between 46 to 56 cm. The species is relatively light, weighing between 270 to 512 grams. It is characterized by a short, thick neck, a robust bill, and a somewhat hunched posture.

Outside the breeding season, the adult Cattle Egret has predominantly white plumage, a yellow bill, and greyish-yellow legs. Come breeding time, the western variety develops striking orange-buff plumes on the back, breast, and crown, while the bill, legs, and irises turn a vivid red. The eastern variety differs slightly with buff coloration extending to the cheeks and throat during breeding, and the plumes taking on a more golden hue. Both sexes are similar in appearance, though males are marginally larger with longer breeding plumes.

Cattle Egrets are adaptable birds that exploit a variety of drier and open habitats more than other heron species. Their preferred environments include seasonally inundated grasslands, pastures, farmlands, wetlands, and rice paddies.

Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, the Cattle Egret has seen a significant expansion in its distribution, colonizing much of the rest of the world over the last century. It is now found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones globally.

Cattle Egrets are often seen in the company of cattle or other large mammals, benefiting from the insects and small vertebrates these animals disturb. They are known for their migratory behavior, with some populations moving seasonally, while others disperse post-breeding.

At breeding colonies, the Cattle Egret emits a soft, guttural "rick-rack" call but is generally quiet outside this setting.

Breeding occurs in colonies, often near water and in the company of other wading birds. The nest is a platform of sticks in trees or shrubs. Both parents are involved in nest construction and incubation, which lasts about 23 days. Chicks are born with some down and are dependent on their parents for warmth and food.

The Cattle Egret can be confused with other white egrets, but its shorter neck, more robust build, and behavior around livestock help distinguish it.

The diet is varied, primarily consisting of insects like grasshoppers, crickets, and flies. They also consume spiders, frogs, small reptiles, and occasionally bird eggs and chicks. They are known to forage in fields, often near grazing animals, and have been observed following farm machinery to catch disturbed prey.

24-3-2018 BOTANICAL GARDENS, CAPE TOWN - HELMETED GUINEA FOWL (Numida meleagris)

The Helmeted Guineafowl, Numida meleagris, is a distinctive bird, easily recognized by its round body, small head, and striking plumage. Adults typically measure 53 to 58 cm in length and weigh around 1.3 kg. Their feathers are predominantly gray-black, speckled with white, providing them with a somewhat polka-dotted appearance.

One can identify the Helmeted Guineafowl by its bare head adorned with a bony knob, which can be dull yellow or reddish, and the surrounding skin may exhibit red, blue, or black colors. The wings and tail are short, contributing to a rather compact silhouette. Subspecies vary mainly in the size, shape, and color of the casque and facial wattles.

These birds favor warm, open environments with scattered shrubs and trees, such as savannas or farmlands, where they can forage and breed.

Native to Africa, mainly south of the Sahara, the Helmeted Guineafowl has been introduced to various regions worldwide, including the West Indies, North America, Colombia, Brazil, Australia, and Europe.

Helmeted Guineafowls are social creatures, forming flocks of about 25 individuals outside the breeding season. They are ground-dwelling birds, preferring to run rather than fly when threatened. Their flight is short and explosive, relying on gliding for longer distances. They are adept at running and can cover up to 10 km in a day. When alarmed, they emit loud, harsh calls.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - SPECKLED PIGEON (Columba guinea)

The Speckled Pigeon, known scientifically as Columba guinea, is a robust avian resident of Africa, south of the Sahara. This species is often seen in open habitats and is recognized by its rufous back and wings, which are adorned with a multitude of white speckles. The pigeon's head is a subtle grey, accented with striking red patches encircling the eyes, while the neck displays a brownish hue interlaced with white streaks. The legs of this bird are a vivid red, adding a dash of color to its otherwise muted blue-grey plumage. Both sexes appear similar, with the immature birds presenting a browner plumage and lacking the distinctive red eye patches.

When identifying the Speckled Pigeon, look for its large size, measuring at 41 cm in length. The white speckles on the rufous wings are a key feature, along with the red eye patches in adults. The bird's flight is characterized by quick, regular beats interspersed with occasional sharp flicks of the wings, typical of pigeons.

This pigeon favors open habitats and is commonly found in proximity to human settlements and cultivated lands.

The Speckled Pigeon boasts a widespread presence across much of Africa, though its distribution does exhibit significant gaps. It is a resident breeder in the region, ensuring its regular sighting throughout the year.

The Speckled Pigeon is a sociable bird, often gathering in large flocks where food sources such as grain or groundnuts are abundant. It has adapted well to human environments, frequently seen around habitation and cultivation.

The vocalization of the Speckled Pigeon is a resonant and unmistakable "doo-doo-doo," which can be heard echoing across its habitat.

Breeding pairs construct large stick nests on protected rocky outcrops, and within urban settings, they may nest atop covered pergola pillars or under deep eaves on flat roofs. The pigeon lays a clutch of two white eggs.

The diet of the Speckled Pigeon is primarily vegetable matter. It is known to feed in large numbers in areas where grains and groundnuts are readily available.

The Speckled Pigeon is currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, indicating that it does not face any significant threats to its population at this time.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - BLUE AND YELLOW MACAW (Ara ararauna)

The blue-and-yellow macaw, also known as the blue-and-gold macaw, is a magnificent Neotropical parrot that captivates with its striking coloration. The dorsum is predominantly a vivid blue, while the venter boasts a light yellow or orange hue. A gradient of green adorns the top of its head, adding to its vibrant appearance. This species is one of the larger macaws, with a length of 76–86 cm (30–34 in) and a weight ranging from 0.9 to 1.5 kg (2–3 lb).

To identify the blue-and-yellow macaw, look for its bright aqua blue feathers on the upper body, contrasting with a deep yellow or light orange underside. The head is a distinctive lime color. The beak and feathers under the chin are black, while the feet are gray with black talons. A notable feature is the white skin on its face, which is sparsely feathered, creating a striped pattern around the eyes. The irises of this macaw are a pale light yellow.

These macaws inhabit a variety of environments, including forests (notably varzea), woodlands, and savannahs. They are also found in open sections of terra firme or unflooded forest and have adapted to urban areas where they nest in ornamental palms.

The blue-and-yellow macaw's range spans tropical Central and South America, including Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Colombia, Suriname, French Guiana, Venezuela, Guyana, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Ecuador, and Paraguay. It has a limited presence in Central America, restricted to Panama.

In the wild, blue-and-yellow macaws can live up to 30 to 35 years and reach sexual maturity between 3 and 6 years. They exhibit strong bonding behaviors and are known for their powerful beaks, which are used for breaking nutshells and climbing trees. These macaws are also adept at feeding on a variety of foods, including seeds, fruits, vegetable matter, bark, leaves, insects, snails, and small animals.

The blue-and-yellow macaw is known for its loud vocalizations, which include "flock calls" that are a natural part of their behavior.

These macaws are monogamous, generally mating for life. They prefer to nest in dead palms, particularly Mauritia flexuosa. The female lays two or three eggs and incubates them for about 28 days. Typically, only the dominant chick survives, with the others perishing in the nest. Fledging occurs approximately 97 days after hatching.

The diet of the blue-and-yellow macaw includes nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetable matter, bark, leaves, insects, snails, and small animals. They use their powerful beaks to break open nutshells and forage for food.

In captivity, these macaws require attention and can be quite vocal. They need ample space to fly and can live up to 60 years or more with proper care. Their behavior includes "screaming" for attention, loud vocalizations, and destructive chewing. They are known to blush and fluff their facial feathers when interacting with humans, possibly indicating their emotional state.

24-3-2018 WATERFRONT, CAPE TOWN - HAUTLAUB'S GULL (Chroicocephalus hartlaubii)

The Hartlaub's gull (Chroicocephalus hartlaubii), also colloquially known as the king gull, is a small, nimble seabird with a length of 36–38 cm. Its plumage is predominantly white, complemented by a grey back and upperwings. The wingtips are black, adorned with striking white "mirrors." A notable feature is its dark red bill and legs. During the breeding season, it sports a very faint lavender grey hood, while outside of this period, its head remains plain white. Both sexes exhibit similar markings. The Hartlaub's gull is distinguishable from the slightly larger grey-headed gull by its thinner, darker bill, deeper red legs, paler head, and dark eyes. It reaches full maturity in two years, and juveniles can be identified by a brown band across the wings, lacking a black terminal tail band and presenting less dark areas in the wings compared to their grey-headed counterparts.

When observing Hartlaub's gulls, look for the combination of their dark red bill and legs, the white "mirrors" on the black wingtips, and the faint grey hood during breeding season. Juveniles will have a brown band on the wings and darker legs, with a white head that distinguishes them from similar-aged grey-headed gulls.

Hartlaub's gull is a coastal species, favoring the shores and estuaries rather than the open ocean. It is not considered pelagic and is seldom seen far from land.

This gull is a non-migratory breeding resident endemic to the Atlantic coastline of South Africa and Namibia. A significant portion of its population, estimated at around 30,000 birds, resides within the Greater Cape Town area.

Hartlaub's gull is highly social and gregarious, especially in winter. It is known for its raucous, crow-like kaaarrh call, which can be quite loud, particularly in urban colonies. The species has adapted well to human presence and can become very tame around human habitations. Despite being relatively rare globally, it is common within its range and is often considered a nuisance in cities due to its fouling of buildings and noisy nature.

The Hartlaub's gull emits a distinctive and noisy kaaarrh call, which has been the subject of complaints in urban environments due to its volume and persistence.

Large colonies of Hartlaub's gulls can be found breeding on Robben Island, near Cape Town. Adults make considerable efforts to feed their chicks, flying to the mainland and back, a round trip of approximately 24 km.

An omnivorous bird, the Hartlaub's gull scavenges at waste tips and consumes scraps, in addition to seeking out small prey in shallow waters.

The Hartlaub's gull is currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. Despite its rarity on a global scale, it is common within its limited range and does not face immediate threats to its population.

24-3-2018 BOTANICAL GARDENS, CAPE TOWN - CAPE BULBUL (Pycnonotus capensis)

The Cape bulbul, Pycnonotus capensis, is a passerine bird of modest size, measuring 19–21 cm in length. It presents a predominantly dull, blackish-brown plumage, with a distinctive white eye-ring and vibrant yellow undertail coverts. A small crest adorns its head, and both the bill and the legs are a stark black, complementing the dark brown iris. The sexes are similar in plumage, making them indistinguishable in the field.

To identify the Cape bulbul, look for its darker plumage compared to other South African bulbuls. The white eye-ring is a key feature in adults, while juveniles can be recognized by their dark belly even before the eye-ring develops. The species' small crest and the contrast between the yellow undertail coverts and the dark body are also helpful markers.

The Cape bulbul is an endemic resident that favors coastal bush, open forest, gardens, and the unique fynbos vegetation of western and southern South Africa.

This bird is found exclusively in the aforementioned regions of South Africa, where it has adapted to a variety of local environments.

A common and conspicuous presence, the Cape bulbul is often observed perched atop bushes. It is an active and vocal species, typically encountered in pairs or small groups. These birds are known for their foraging habits, seeking out fruit, nectar, and insects to sustain themselves.

The most characteristic sound of the Cape bulbul is a melodious liquid whistle that varies in notes, often transcribed as "pit-peet-pitmajol" or "piet-piet-patata."

Breeding mainly occurs during the southern spring, from September to November. The Cape bulbul constructs a well-concealed, thick-walled cup nest within the foliage of a small tree or shrub.

The diet of the Cape bulbul consists of fruit, nectar, and insects, which it actively seeks out in its natural habitat.

In observing the Cape bulbul, one is treated to the delightful antics of a bird that is both a visual and auditory pleasure, a true gem of South Africa's avian community.

24-3-2018 BOTANICAL GARDENS, CAPE TOWN - KING PROTEA (Protea cynaroides)

Protea cynaroides, also called the king protea (from Afrikaans: koningsprotea, Xhosa: isiQwane sobukumkani, is a flowering plant. It is a distinctive member of Protea, having the largest flower head in the genus. The species is also known as giant protea, honeypot, or king sugar bush. It is widely distributed in the fynbos region of South Africa, that is, in the southwestern and southern parts of Western Cape. The king protea is the national flower of South Africa.

Protea cynaroides is adapted to survive wildfires by its thick underground stem, which contains many dormant buds; these will produce the new growth after the fire.

The flower has a long vase life in flower arrangements, and makes for an excellent dried flower.

24-3-2018 BOTANICAL GARDENS, CAPE TOWN - FLAME LILY (Gloriosa superba)

Gloriosa superba is a species of flowering plant in the family Colchicaceae. Common names include flame lily, climbing lily, creeping lily, glory lily, gloriosa lily, tiger claw, and fire lily.

This herbaceous perennial grows from a fleshy rhizome. It is scandent, climbing using modified leaf-tip tendrils, the stem reaching 4 m (13 ft) long. The leaves are mainly alternately arranged, but they may be opposite, as well. They are somewhat lance-shaped and tipped with tendrils, and they are up 13 to 20 cm (5.1 to 7.9 in) long. The showy flower has six tepals each up to 5 to 7.6 cm (2.0 to 3.0 in) long. They are generally bright red to orange at maturity, sometimes with yellowish bases. The margins may be quite wavy. The six stamens also are long, up to 4 cm (1.6 in), and each bears a large anther at the tip that drops large amounts of yellow pollen.

The style may be more than 6 cm (2.4 in) long. One flower may weigh over 2.5 g (0.09 oz). The fruit is a fleshy capsule up to 6 to 12 cm (2.4 to 4.7 in) long containing red seeds. Cultivars of this popular garden plant may vary from these wild-type characteristics; the cultivar 'Lutea' has all-yellow tepals, 'Citrina' is yellow with red markings, and 'Nana' is a dwarf. Whitish forms are also known.

24-3-2018 BOTANICAL GARDENS, CAPE TOWN - IVY GERANIUM (Pelargonium peltatum)

https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/72281-Pelargonium

Pelargonium peltatum is a scrambling perennial plant with five shallow or deeply lobed, circular- to heart-shaped, somewhat fleshy leaves, sometimes with a differently coloured semicircular band, that has been assigned to the cranesbill family. It carries umbel-like inflorescences with 2–10, white to mauve, bilateral symmetrical flowers, each with a "spur" that is merged with the flower stalk. It is known by several common names including ivy-leaved pelargonium and cascading geranium. It is native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. In its home range, it flowers year round but most vigorously from August to October.

The ivy-leaved pelargonium is a perennial plant that scrambles over the surrounding vegetation and its somewhat succulent, slender and smooth, 3–10 mm (0.12–0.40 in) thick stems can grow to a length of about 2 m (7 ft).

The leaves are alternately arranged along the stem, but sometimes seem to be opposite. The leaves have broad oval to triangular stipules of about 7 mm (0.28 in) long and 4 mm (0.16 in) wide, a leaf stalk of ½–5½ cm (0.2–2.2 in) long, and a hairy or hairless, green to greyish green, sometimes with a differently colored semicircular band, more of less fleshy, circular to heart-shaped in outline, on average 3 cm (1.2 in) long and 5 cm (2.0 in) wide (full range 1–6¾ cm × 1¾–8¾ cm). The leaf blade has five shallow or deeper sharp or blunt tipped lobes that spread radially from a point with an entire margin.

24-3-2018 BOTANICAL GARDENS, CAPE TOWN - AGAPANTHUS (Genus Agapanthus)

Agapanthus is a genus of herbaceous perennials that mostly bloom in summer. This leads to the Australian common name, Star of Bethlehem, as it blooms just before Christmas. The leaves are basal, curved, and linear, growing up to 60 cm (24 in) long. They are rather leathery and arranged in two opposite rows. The plant has a mostly underground stem called a rhizome (like a ginger 'root') that is used as a storage organ. The roots, which grow out of the rhizome, are white, thick and fleshy.

The inflorescence is a pseudo-umbel subtended by two large deciduous bracts at the apex of a long, erect scape, up to 2 m (6.6 ft) tall. They have funnel-shaped or tubular flowers, in hues of blue to purple, shading to white. Some hybrids and cultivars have colors not found in wild plants which includes bi-colored blue/lavender and white flowers flushed with pink as the blooms mature. The ovary is superior. The style is hollow. Agapanthus does not have the distinctive chemistry of Allioideae.

21-6-2018 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - WAVE MOTH (Idaea mustelata)

Idaea mustelata is a small moth with a wingspan ranging from 12 to 16 millimeters. The forewings are mostly whitish on the upper side, although they have a well-defined dark brown region on the basal half of the costa that extends slightly into the interior of the wing. The spot extends over the cell, including the black spot on the cell, and in that area, extends further into the wing, ending in a pointed shape near the inner margin. The rest of the wing features grayish wavy lines near the margin, where small, aligned black dots appear. The hindwings have a whitish upper side except for a dark midwing dot and numerous wavy, light brown or grayish masses.

Idaea mustelata is a species exclusive to the Iberian Peninsula and the western half of the Maghreb (Morocco and western Algeria) that has recently been recorded from several regions in southern France. Widely distributed throughout Spain, it is present in regions as diverse as the Pyrenees, Cádiz, Galicia, and Almería; it is also widespread in the Community of Madrid, and is common in the Southeast Regional Park. 

Idaea mustelata is a moth of the family Geometridae. In Europe it is only found on the Iberian Peninsula. It is also found in North Africa, from Morocco up to Western Algeria. It was considered a subspecies of Idaea rusticata up to 2004 when it was re-instated at species level by Axel Hausmann.

The wingspan is 12–16 mm. The moth flies from July to August depending on the location.

 What is its habitat? This nocturnal moth, from the Geometridae family, can be found in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from clearings in deciduous forests, near riverine coppices, meadows, grasslands, orchards, cultivated fields, and fallow land, to uncultivated ruderal areas near buildings in towns and cities. As for its location, it also appears in areas as diverse as the high-altitude Pyrenean valleys, and at sea level in the provinces of Andalusia.

20-6-2018 ALCOY, VALENCIA - DARKLING BEETLE (Genus Pimelia)

Pimelia is a genus of darkling beetles in the subfamily Pimeliinae.

Pimelia are univoltine, with one generation per year. Species in North Africa emerge in January to begin mating, synchronously with floral bloom. Normally Pimelia are detrivores, but during mating season they may cannibalize other adults, larvae, and eggs. This behavior may be due to need for extra nutrients or simply to eliminate competitors.

Following behavior  and mating take place on the slip face of a sand dune. After mating, the female digs a shallow hole and deposits a single egg, which closely resembles a grain of white rice. As the temperature rises above 50 °C the adult population dies off. Immature stages remain below the surface until maturity. During the winter the adults emerge.

20-6-2018 ALCOY, VALENCIA - THISTLE (Carduus nigrescens ssp. assoi)

Familia: Compositae

Nombre científico: Carduus nigrescens subsp. assoi

Nombre común: Cardo

Rango altitudinal: 240 a 1880 mts.

Época floración: Abril-Julio

Altura: 30 a 100 cm.

Hábitat: Ruderal, crece en suelos removidos y nitrogenados, cunetas, baldíos, cercanías de pueblos, barbechos, majadas o reposaderos de ganado, indiferente al sustrato.

Endémica de la Península Ibérica.