16-6-2019 VILLALONGA RESERVOIR, VALENCIA - WAVYLEAF MULLEIN (Verbascum sinuatum)

Verbascum sinuatum, commonly known as the scallop-leaved mullein,[2] the wavyleaf mullein, or Candela regia, is a species of perennial herbaceous plants in the genus Verbascum (mullein), growing in heavy soils in Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. It grows to 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft). The plant has an erect inflorescence stem, and is entirely covered with stellate hairs (trichomes) which are not pleasant to the touch.

In the winter, a rosette of broad-leaves grows at the base of the Scallop-leaved mullein and spreads itself on the ground (length 30–50 cm). In the spring, a leafless stalk grows from the base of the plant, splitting into many diagonal stems that can grow as much as 50 to 100 cm. in length, on which the flowers are located. The plant bears simple, emarginate leaves, and has a yellow lamp-shaped flower (hence its name Candela) of 5 petals, blossoming mostly in late May to August, although sometimes as late as October.

The plant's leaves are alternate, rosette, entire, dentate or serrate.

The plant has a broad Irano-Turanian distribution, as well as a broad Mediterranean distribution (stretching from the Mediterranean coastal regions to West and South Iran). The plant is native to Israel, where it grows in the Golan, the Hermon, the coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, Gilboa, Carmel, Samarian Mountains, Judean Mountains, the Jordan Valley, the Sharon valley, Shephelah, Northern Negev, and Eilat Mountains, and the Arabah, typically found in waste habitats, along waysides, and in open chaparrals (shrublands) and phrygana.

5-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - AFRICAN WATTLED LAPWING (Vanellus senegallus)

The Southern Wattled Lapwing is the subspecies Vanellus senegallus lateralis of the African Wattled Lapwing, a large, conspicuous wader found across sub-Saharan Africa. It is known for its bold yellow facial wattles with fleshy red bases and its loud, sharp calls. 

Key Facts

Scientific Name: Vanellus senegallus lateralis

Alternative Names: African Wattled Lapwing, Senegal Wattled Plover, or simply Wattled Lapwing.

Physical Appearance: A large, brownish bird, about 34 cm (13.5 in) long, with a black crown, white forehead, long yellow legs, and prominent yellow facial wattles that have red bases. In flight, its upper wings display a white bar separating black flight feathers from brown coverts.

Habitat: It prefers open and moist areas such as marshes, wet grasslands, and the edges of lakes, but is adaptable and also found in drier savannas, cultivated fields, and even golf courses.

Distribution: This particular subspecies is a resident breeder in southern and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to western Kenya, south to northern Namibia and eastern South Africa.

Diet: It is an insectivore, feeding primarily on insects and other invertebrates (such as grasshoppers, beetles, and worms) picked from the ground while walking slowly or using "foot-trembling" to disturb prey.

Behavior: Known for being vigilant and vocal, it has a loud, sharp call, often rendered as a "peep-peep-peep" or "did-he-do-it". It is territorial, especially during the breeding season, and aggressively defends its ground nest from intruders.

Breeding: It lays 2-4 eggs in a shallow ground scrape, often lined with grass or pebbles. Both parents incubate the eggs and care for the chicks, which are precocial and leave the nest shortly after hatching to forage with their parents. 

This bird is protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA). 

5-6-2019 KHWAI CAMP, BOTSWANA - BLACK WINGED STILT (Himantopus himantopus)

The Black-winged Stilt has a wide range, extending across Europe, Asia, and Africa. Some populations migrate to coastal regions in winter, while others in milder climates may remain resident or engage in short-range movements.

Black-winged Stilts are often seen foraging in shallow waters, gracefully picking insects and crustaceans from the surface. They are known to nest in small groups, sometimes alongside avocets, and exhibit a variety of courtship behaviors, including intricate displays and duets.

The flight call of the Black-winged Stilt is a sharp and clear kleek, typically heard during its aerial maneuvers.

Nests are simple bare spots on the ground near water. These birds are communal nesters and may breed in loose colonies. They have been known to breed as far north as Britain, with recent successful breeding events recorded in Southern and Northern England.

The Black-winged Stilt can be confused with other stilt species, such as the Black-necked Stilt (H. mexicanus) in the Americas, the White-backed Stilt (H. melanurus), and the Pied Stilt (H. leucocephalus) in Australasia and New Zealand.

Their diet consists mainly of insects and crustaceans, which they deftly pick from the water's surface or from wet sand.

The IUCN lists the Black-winged Stilt as Least Concern, indicating a stable global population. However, they are protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds, highlighting the importance of international cooperation in their conservation.

5-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - AFRICAN OPENBILL (Anastomus lamelligerus)

The African Openbill (Anastomus lamelligerus ) is a species of stork from the family Ciconiidae. It is widely distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa and western regions of Madagascar. This species is considered common to locally abundant across its range, although it has a patchy distribution. Some experts consider there to be two sub-species, A. l. lamelligerus distributed on the main continent and A. l. madagascariensis living on the island of Madagascar. Scientists make the difference between the two sub-species due to the more pronounced longitudinal ridges on the bills of adult A. l. madagascariensis.The Asian Openbill (Anastomus oscitans ) distributed in Asia is the African Openbill’s closest relative. The two species share the same notably large bill of a peculiar shape that gives them their name.

The African Openbill is a stork measuring 80-94 cm and weighing 1-1.3 kg. The species does not exhibit any major sexual dimorphism, although the males are slightly larger than the females and have a longer and heavier bill. The adult bill is betwen 135-196 mm in length, brownish in color and has a gap between the upper aend lower mandible. This gap is non-existent in juvenile birds and develops as the bird ages. It is because the two mandibles of the beak only meet at the tip and not in the middle that this stork genus received the name of “openbill”.

The adult plumage is overall black with iridescent green feathers on their backs, coverts and abdomens. The juvenile plumage is usually less vibrant and browner in color with the feathers of the underparts having pale tips. The legs and feet are black. The eyes are grey with grey lores and no distinct coloration of the eye-ring.

These storks are smaller in stature than most of the other species in their family which allows them to be much more agile in the air. This agility can be observed during their descents from high altitudes as they often perform steep dives and remarkable acrobatic manoeuvres. During their migration flights, the African openbill storks will use sustained flapping flight with an average wing flap rate of 200-210 flaps/minute. They will also often soar on the thermals when commuting to and from distant feeding areas. This allows them to travel long distances to obtain food without expending too much energy. In flight, these birds have their necks and head extended and their long, broad wings are spread out and perfect for soaring and gliding on the air currents.

5-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - EAST AFRICAN HARRIER HAWK (Polyboroides typus ssp. typus)

                                          

The East African Harrier-hawk is an opportunistic raptor with a unique "double-jointed" leg structure that allows it to climb and probe for prey in crevices, unlike other hawks. It has a distinctive pale grey body, black and white tail, and a bare red or yellow facial patch. Its diet includes mammals, frogs, lizards, insects, and particularly eggs and nestlings raided from other birds' nests. 

Key facts

Physical characteristics:

Size: 51–68 cm (20–26.7 in) body length and a wingspan of 118–152 cm (46.5–59.8 in).

Plumage: Pale grey upper parts, white belly with dark barring, and a black tail with a single broad white band.

Face: A bare patch of skin around the eyes that is yellow or red.

Juveniles: Blotchy brown instead of grey.

Unique adaptations:

"Double-jointed" legs: A special intertarsal joint allows the legs to bend backward, enabling the bird to climb awkwardly on tree trunks and rock faces, and probe into tight spaces like nests.

Behavior and diet:

Diet: Opportunistic, including small mammals, frogs, lizards, insects, and even fish, fruit, and carrion. It is particularly known for raiding nests for eggs and nestlings.

Foraging: Unlike most raptors, it actively climbs on branches and tree trunks to find food, sometimes hanging upside down.

Vocalization: Makes a "wah... wah... wah" call, and a whistling sound in flight, according to Birds of the World and Kids encyclopedia facts.

Breeding:

Nest: Pairs build stick nests in trees or on cliffs.

Eggs: Females lay 1–3 eggs, and both parents incubate them for about 35 days.

Chicks: Siblings often compete fiercely, and older chicks may kill younger ones.

Habitat and distribution:

Habitat: Adaptable, found in a range of habitats including savannah woodlands, forest edges, rocky cliffs, and even urban gardens.

Distribution: Common across much of sub-Saharan Africa, from the tropical west to East and South Africa.

Conservation status:

Global: Listed as "least concern" (LC) by the IUCN Red List.

Regional variations: Some populations, especially in parts of West Africa, show declines due to habitat loss. 

5-6-2019 KHWAI CAMP, BOTSWANA - PEARL SPOTTED OWLET (Glaucidium perlatum)

The pearl-spotted owlet (Glaucidium perlatum) is a small bird of prey found in sub-Saharan Africa. They belong to the Strigidae family, otherwise known as the typical owls or the true owls, which contains most species of owl. As part of the genus Glaucidium, or pygmy owls, they are commonly referred to as 'owlets' due to their diminutive size. Pearl-spotted owlets are brownish and heavily spotted white, with two distinct black false 'eyes' at the back of their head. They are often confused with an African barred owlet.

The pearl-spotted owlet is one of the smallest owls in Africa with a length of 17 to 21 cm. The females are slightly larger and heavier (100g) than the males (65g). Both males and females have similar plumage colouration. The facial disc is off-white and the eyes are yellow. At the back of the head there are two striking false black 'eyes' with a white outline. The upper parts are cinnamon-brown with white spots. The tail and flight feathers are brown, with large white spots forming bars in flight. The bill and cere are pale greenish yellow, the legs are feathered white and feet are yellow. Juveniles are similar to adults but the head and back spots may be lacking or much reduced and the false 'face' is very obvious.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - WHITE FRONTED BEE-EATER (Merops bullockoides)

The White-fronted Bee-eater is a colorful bird from Africa with a white forehead, red throat, and green upperparts. It has complex social structures, nests in large colonies in cliffs or earthen banks, and feeds primarily on flying insects like bees and wasps, which it carefully removes the sting from before eating. They are found in woodlands and savannas, often near rivers. 

Appearance

Size: Around 23 cm (9 inches) long.

Color: Green upperparts, a red throat, and a distinctive white forehead. It has a black line through its eyes and blue thighs.

Tail: Has a square-ended tail. 

Habitat and Diet

Habitat: Found in wooded savannas, grasslands, and open scrub, particularly in areas with riverbanks.

Diet: Feeds on flying insects, with a diet consisting heavily of bees and wasps.

Hunting: Hunts insects in flight by darting from a perch, catching prey, and returning to its perch to eat.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - VERREAUX'S EAGLE OWL (Bubo lacteus)

Verreaux's eagle-owl (Ketupa lactea), also commonly known as the milky eagle owl or giant eagle owl, is a member of the family Strigidae. This species is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa. A member of the genus Ketupa, it is the largest African owl, measuring up to 66 cm (26 in) in total length. This eagle-owl is a resident primarily of dry, wooded savanna. Verreaux's eagle-owl is mainly grey in color and is distinguishable from other large owls by its bright pink eyelids, a feature shared with no other owl species in the world.

Verreaux's eagle-owl is a highly opportunistic predator equipped with powerful talons. Just over half of its known diet is composed of mammals but equal or even greater numbers of birds and even insects may be hunted locally, along with any other appropriately sized prey that is encountered. This species is considered of Least Concern by IUCN as it occurs over a wide range and has shown some adaptability to human-based alterations and destruction of habitat and adaptability to diverse prey when a primary prey species declines in a region. As a large, highly territorial species of owl, it does, however, occur at fairly low densities and some regional declines have been reported.

Verreaux's eagle-owl is found through most of sub-Saharan Africa, though it is absent from most of the deep rainforests. The species is found at the highest densities in eastern and southern Africa. As this species avoids primary forests, it is found very spottily in west Africa. Their western distribution includes The Gambia, Senegal, Guinea and Sierra Leone.

Eastward from those countries to the Central African Republic, the species is distributed in a narrow transitional zone between the Sahara and rainforests. Seemingly isolated populations occur in central Nigeria and central Mali. In south-western Africa, they range up to as far north as the southern parts of the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, through most of Namibia (excluding the coastal regions) and northern South Africa. In east Africa, their distribution is more or less continuous from southern Sudan, Eritrea and inland Somalia down to South Africa as far as the region of the city of Durban.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - SOUTHERN WHITE FACED OWL (Ptilopsis granti)

The Southern white-faced owl (Ptilopsis granti) is a fairly small owl in the family Strigidae. It is native to the southern half of Africa. It was formerly regarded as a subspecies of the northern white-faced owl (P. leucopsis) but the two are now commonly treated as separate species.

It is 22–28 cm (8.7–11.0 in) long and weighs 185–220 g (6.5–7.8 oz). The upperparts are grey with dark streaks and there are white spots on the scapular feathers. The underparts are whitish with dark streaks. The face is white with a black border and black around the large orange eyes. The head has two short ear-tufts with black tips. Juvenile birds have a greyish face. The northern white-faced owl is usually paler and browner with reduced streaking below.

Their call is a series of fast, bubbling hoots, uttered at night and frequently repeated. These fast, staccato notes followed by a longer and higher-pitched 'hoot' are extensively used during breeding season and pairs of owls often sing together. The Northern white-faced owl has a very different two-note call.

Southern white-faced owls occur patchily in the western regions central and southern Africa, including Gabon, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Angola. They seem to be more common in regions such as Uganda, southern Kenya and Tanzania, as well as Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini and the northern regions of South Africa.

It inhabits savanna and dry woodland. It is usually seen alone or in pairs. It mainly hunts large insects, as well as occasional small mammals, birds and reptiles.

The eggs are usually laid in the old nest of another bird. The clutch contains two or three eggs which are incubated for about 30 days. The young birds leave the nest about a month after hatching.

After the summer, southern white-faced owls increase their resting metabolic rate by approximately 45% to adjust to the climate changes. Furthermore, the owls do this to increase cold temperature tolerance which is unusual for these creatures. Not only that, but the BMR (Basal Metabolic Rate) of the owl is lower than what is expected of other birds of a similar size to help them when there is a lack of food. This is unusual considering the lack of food and other survival resources during the winter.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - WHITE BROWED ROBIN CHAT (Cossypha heuglini)

The white-browed robin-chat (Cossypha heuglini), also known as Heuglin's robin, is a species of bird in the family Muscicapidae. Found in east, central and southern Africa, its natural habitats include riverine forest and thickets, and it is also found near humans. The IUCN classifies it as a least-concern species.

The white-browed robin-chat is 19–20 cm (7.5–7.9 in) long and weighs 29–51 g (1.0–1.8 oz). The crown and face are black, and there is a white supercilium over the dark brown eye. The back is olive grey-brown, and the rump is rufous. The two central tail feathers are olive-brown, and the other feathers are orange-rufous. The flight feathers and wing coverts are grey-brown, and the underwing coverts are rufous. The underparts are bright orange-rufous. The beak is black, and the legs are pinkish-brown, brownish grey, or dark brown. The female is a little smaller than the male. The juvenile bird has a brown head and rufous-brown marks on its back. Its throat is pale, its breast is pale orange-buff, and its belly is pale orange. 

The range includes Angola, Botswana, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its habitats include riverine forests, thickets, and also gardens. In East Africa it can be found up to 2,200 m (7,200 ft) above sea level, but in the part of its range south of the Limpopo River, it generally occurs at elevations below 1,000 m (3,280 ft). In South Africa, its range in KwaZulu-Natal expanded south from the 1950s to the 1970s, but the damage caused by a tropical cyclone in 1987 may have stopped the expansion.

The diet consists of ants, termites, beetles, some other insects and arthropods, frogs, and fruits. It bathes in water.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - RED LECHWE (MALE) (Kobus leche ssp. leche)

The lechwe, red lechwe, or southern lechwe (Kobus leche) is an antelope found in wetlands of south-central Africa.

The lechwe is native to Botswana, Zambia, southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northeastern Namibia, and eastern Angola, especially in the Okavango Delta, Kafue Flats, and Bangweulu Wetlands. The species is fairly common in zoos and wild animal farms.

Adult lechwe typically stand 90 to 100 cm (35 to 39 in) at the shoulder and generally weigh from 50 to 120 kg (110 to 260 lb), with males being larger than females. They are golden brown with white bellies. Males are darker in colour, but exact hue and amount of blackish on the front legs, chest and body varies depending on subspecies. The long, spiral horns are vaguely lyre-shaped and borne only by males. The hind legs are somewhat longer in proportion than in other antelopes to ease long-distance running on marshy soil.

Lechwe are found in marshy areas where they are an important herbivore of aquatic plants, as well as grasses that are found in flooded meadows. They use the knee-deep water as protection from predators. Their legs are covered in a water-repellant substance which allows them to run quite fast in knee-deep water. Lechwe are diurnal. They gather in herds which can include many thousands of individuals. Herds are usually all of one sex, but during mating season they mix.

Lechwe mate during rain seasons of November to February. They have a gestation period of seven to eight months so a majority of calves are born from July to September.

Although rare, hybrids between lechwe and waterbuck have been observed.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - RED LECHWE (FEMALE) (Kobus leche ssp. leche)

The lechwe, red lechwe, or southern lechwe (Kobus leche) is an antelope found in wetlands of south-central Africa.

The lechwe is native to Botswana, Zambia, southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northeastern Namibia, and eastern Angola, especially in the Okavango Delta, Kafue Flats, and Bangweulu Wetlands. The species is fairly common in zoos and wild animal farms.

Adult lechwe typically stand 90 to 100 cm (35 to 39 in) at the shoulder and generally weigh from 50 to 120 kg (110 to 260 lb), with males being larger than females. They are golden brown with white bellies. Males are darker in colour, but exact hue and amount of blackish on the front legs, chest and body varies depending on subspecies. The long, spiral horns are vaguely lyre-shaped and borne only by males. The hind legs are somewhat longer in proportion than in other antelopes to ease long-distance running on marshy soil.

Lechwe are found in marshy areas where they are an important herbivore of aquatic plants, as well as grasses that are found in flooded meadows. They use the knee-deep water as protection from predators. Their legs are covered in a water-repellant substance which allows them to run quite fast in knee-deep water. Lechwe are diurnal. They gather in herds which can include many thousands of individuals. Herds are usually all of one sex, but during mating season they mix.

5-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - RED EYED DOVE (Streptopelia semitorquata)

The red-eyed dove (Streptopelia semitorquata) is a dove that is widespread and common in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List since 2004.

The red-eyed dove's pale bluish gray forehead merges into a darker hue on the crown. The neck, breast, and underparts, are dark mauve-pink to wine-red, upperparts are grayish brown, and primaries are black. Outer wing-coverts are dark slaty blue. Flanks, sides of rump, and underwing-coverts are bluish gray. Rectrices are dark gray basally, light brownish gray on the terminal half. Neck has a black half-collar. Iris varies from yellowish to orange to red or orange-brown. Orbital skin is purplish red. Bill is black. Legs are purplish red. Most of the feathers have reddish buff or reddish brown edges and indistinct dark subterminal bars. Neck collar is indistinct and restricted to the sides of neck. Legs, orbital skin, and iris are dull. Sexes are alike. Juveniles are duller and browner. It is typically 30 cm (12 in) in length and 162–310 g (5.7–10.9 oz). It is the largest of the "ringneck" species of dove. The red-eyed dove in the Ethiopian Highlands are larger than those in West Africa and coastal Kenya.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - LILAC BREASTED ROLLER (Coracias caudatus)

The lilac-breasted roller (Coracias caudatus) is an African bird of the roller family, Coraciidae. It is widely distributed in Southern and Eastern Africa, and is a vagrant to the southern Arabian Peninsula. It prefers open woodland and savanna, and it is for the most part absent from treeless places. Usually found alone or in pairs, it perches at the tops of trees, poles or other high vantage points from where it can spot insects, amphibians and small birds moving about on the ground. Nesting takes place in a natural hole in a tree where a clutch of 2–4 eggs are laid, and incubated by both parents, who are extremely aggressive in defence of their nest, taking on raptors and other birds. During the breeding season the male will rise to a fair height (69 to 144 metres), descending in swoops and dives, while uttering harsh, discordant cries. The sexes are different in coloration, and juveniles lack the long tail streamers of adults. This species is unofficially considered the national bird of Kenya. Alternative names for the lilac-breasted roller include the fork-tailed roller, lilac-throated roller (also used for a subspecies of purple roller) and Mosilikatze's roller.

Lilac-breasted rollers are found throughout eastern and southern Africa, and occurs locally at sea level, and up to 2,000 metres above sea level or over. Their range extends from the Red Sea coast of Eritrea through East Africa (including Zanzibar) to southern Africa, where they occur commonly in Namibia (excluding the Namib Desert), Botswana, Zimbabwe, and northeastern South Africa. The nominate subspecies C. c. caudatus is non-migratory, but a measure of post-breeding dispersal occurs into miombo woodland or sandy areas, before they return to the breeding areas at the start of the rains. Its counterpart, the lilac-throated roller (C. c. lorti) migrates from northeast Kenya to northwest Somalia to breed from late April to mid-September. The latter subspecies is also a vagrant to Eritrea, Oman and Yemen. Lilac-breasted rollers are most abundant in Kenya, though the species is less abundant than in former times.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - JAMESON'S FIREFINCH (Lagonosticta rhodopareia)

The Jameson's firefinch, known scientifically as Lagonosticta rhodopareia, is a common estrildid finch with a vibrant presence in the avian world of Sub-Saharan Africa. This species is adorned with a subtle yet captivating plumage that blends seamlessly into the African landscape.

When endeavoring to identify the Jameson's firefinch, one should note the distinct sexual dimorphism present within the species. The males typically exhibit a more vivid coloration compared to their female counterparts, making them more conspicuous against the backdrop of their natural habitat.

The Jameson's firefinch is a versatile inhabitant of the Sub-Saharan region, demonstrating a preference for environments that provide a blend of cover and open space. This adaptability allows the species to thrive in a variety of settings, ensuring its widespread distribution across the continent.

With an impressive global extent of occurrence estimated at 2,600,000 km², the Jameson's firefinch graces a multitude of African nations with its presence. From the woodlands of Angola to the savannas of South Africa, this finch is a familiar sight across a broad geographic range that includes countries such as Botswana, Chad, The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, South Sudan, Eswatini, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Observations of the Jameson's firefinch in its natural habitat reveal a bird that is as enigmatic as it is endearing. The species exhibits a range of behaviors typical of estrildid finches, engaging in social interactions and foraging activities that reflect its adaptability and resilience in the wild.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - HIPPOPOTAMUS (Hippopotamus amphibius)

The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius; /ˌhɪpəˈpɒtəməs/; pl.: hippopotamuses), often shortened to hippo (pl.: hippos), further qualified as the common hippopotamus, Nile hippopotamus and river hippopotamus, is a large semiaquatic mammal native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae, the other being the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis). Its name comes from the Ancient Greek for "river horse" (ἱπποπόταμος).

After elephants and rhinoceroses, the hippopotamus is the next largest land mammal. It is also the largest extant land artiodactyl. Despite their physical resemblance to pigs and other terrestrial even-toed ungulates, the closest living relatives of the hippopotamids are cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises, etc.), from which they diverged about 55 million years ago.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - GREEN BACKED CAMAROPTERA (Camaroptera brachyura)

The green-backed camaroptera (Camaroptera brachyura), also known as the bleating camaroptera, is a diminutive bird, a member of the Cisticolidae family. It is recognized by its green upperparts, olive wings, and whitish-grey underparts. Both sexes exhibit similar plumage, while juveniles display a paler yellow on the breast. This species measures approximately 11.5 cm in length.

When attempting to identify the green-backed camaroptera, look for its short tail, a feature hinted at by its specific epithet 'brachyura', derived from Ancient Greek meaning "short-tailed". The bird's green back and olive wings contrast with its lighter underparts, aiding in its identification amidst dense vegetation.

This elusive passerine prefers to remain low in dense cover, making it a challenge to spot. It is a bird that thrives in the undergrowth, often concealed by foliage.

The green-backed camaroptera is a resident breeder throughout Africa, south of the Sahara Desert. Its presence spans a range of subspecies across various regions, from Kenya and Tanzania to South Africa.

The green-backed camaroptera is known for its skulking nature. It constructs its nest by ingeniously binding large leaves together within a bush, creating a concealed grass nest for its clutch, typically comprising two or three eggs.

The vocalizations of the green-backed camaroptera are distinctive, and its song has been recorded in the Cape Province of South Africa. Its calls contribute to the rich tapestry of sounds that one may encounter in its natural habitat.

As a resident breeder, the green-backed camaroptera binds leaves to craft a hidden nest low in a bush, where it lays a normal clutch of two or three eggs.

Recent studies have suggested that the green-backed camaroptera may be conspecific with the grey-backed camaroptera, indicating that they could be the same species. Observers should take note of the subtle differences in plumage and locality when differentiating between the two.

Insectivorous by nature, the green-backed camaroptera forages for insects within its dense habitat, contributing to its role in the ecosystem as a pest controller.

The IUCN Red List has classified the green-backed camaroptera as Least Concern, indicating that, for now, this species does not face immediate threats to its survival.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - GREATER BLUE EARED STARLING (Lamprotornis chalybaeus)

The Greater Blue-eared Starling is a dazzling, iridescent African bird known for its glossy blue-green feathers, distinct blue ear patch, and bright eyes, found in savannas and woodlands, feeding on fruits and insects, and forming large flocks with unique "squee-ar" calls, often nesting in tree cavities. 

Appearance & Identification

Color: Brilliant, metallic blue-green with purple-blue on the belly and a distinctive glossy blue ear-patch.

Eyes: Bright yellow, orange, or red, creating a striking contrast.

Size: About 22 cm (8.6 inches) long, with a short tail.

Juveniles: Duller with more brown, developing adult gloss and eye color as they mature. 

Habitat & Behavior

Range: Common in Sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal to Ethiopia and South Africa, preferring open woodlands and savannas.

Social: Highly gregarious, forming large flocks of hundreds, especially at fruiting trees.

Diet: Omnivorous, eating fruits, insects, nectar, and grains, often foraging on the ground.

Calls: Known for a variety of musical and grating sounds, with a characteristic nasal "squee-ar" call. 

Nesting & Conservation

Nesting: Uses tree cavities, either natural or excavated by other birds like woodpeckers.

Status: Considered "Least Concern" with a stable population, according to IUCN data. 

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - KALAHARI FORK TAILED DRONGO (Dicrurus adsimilis ssp. apivorus)

The Kalahari fork-tailed drongo is a clever, glossy black bird known for its deceptive and thieving nature, particularly its ability to mimic other birds' alarm calls to steal their food. These birds are also known for their fearless behavior, sometimes joining other animals like meerkats and babblers for foraging or even to protect their territory. They have a narrow, forked tail, red-brownish eyes, and a diet of insects, with other small prey also included. 

Deceptive behaviors

Food theft: The drongo will use fake alarm calls to scare other animals, like meerkats, away from their food, and then steal it for itself.

Mimicry: It can mimic the sounds of various predators or other birds to deceive others. Once the other animals flee, the drongo follows up with an "all clear" call to keep them around for future tricks.

Learning: The drongo's mimicry is a learned behavior, which it adapts based on feedback from other animals. 

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - NAMIBIAN GIRAFFE (Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. angolensis)

The Angolan giraffe (Giraffa giraffa angolensis), formerly (Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis) also known as the Namibian giraffe or smokey giraffe, is a subspecies of the Southern Giraffe that is found in northern Namibia, south-western Zambia, Botswana, western Zimbabwe and since mid-2023 again in Angola, after its reintroduction to Iona National Park.

In August 2025 after reviewing the scientific evidence the IUCN's Giraffe and Okapi Specialist Group recognised four distinct species of giraffe, the Northern Giraffe, Reticulated Giraffe, Masai Giraffe and Southern Giraffe. The Angolan Giraffe is now one of two subspecies of the Southern Giraffe. A previous 2009 genetic study on this subspecies suggests the northern Namib Desert and Etosha National Park populations each form a separate subspecies. However, genetic studies based on mitochondrial DNA do not support the division into two subspecies., but could identify giraffes in southern Zimbabwe as the Angolan giraffe, suggesting a further eastward distribution than expected.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - COMMON SLENDER MONGOOSE (Herpestes sanguineus)

The common slender mongoose (Herpestes sanguineus), also known as the black-tipped mongoose, the black-tailed mongoose, or just the slender mongoose is a very common mongoose species native to sub-Saharan Africa.

The scientific name Herpestes sanguineus was proposed by Eduard Rüppell in 1835 who described a reddish mongoose observed in the Kordofan region.

As the name suggests, the common slender mongoose has a lithe body of 27.5–40 cm (10.8–15.7 in) and a long tail of 23–33 cm (9.1–13.0 in). Males weigh 640–715 g (22.6–25.2 oz), while the smaller females weigh 460–575 g (16.2–20.3 oz). These measurements are consistent with the average measurements given by Rood and Wozencraft.

Common slender mongooses are more adept at climbing trees than other mongooses, often hunting birds there. White browed-sparrow weavers, crimson breasted shrikes, and glossy starlings are considered common prey.

The common slender mongoose has been targeted by extermination efforts in the past, due to its potential to be a rabies vector and the fact that it sometimes kills domestic poultry. These efforts have not been conspicuously successful, although some subspecies may be threatened. It is in no immediate danger of extinction, and is IUCN Red Listed as least concern.

The color of their fur varies widely between subspecies, from a dark reddish-brown to an orange red, grey, or even golden yellow, but these mongooses can be distinguished from other mongooses due to the prominent black or red tip on their tails. They also have silkier fur than the other African members of their family.

The common slender mongoose occurs throughout sub-Saharan Africa, where it is most common in the savannah and semiarid plains, but rarely recorded in densely forested areas and deserts.

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The common slender mongoose is often described as solitary, but when studied in the Kalahari in South Africa, were found to form spatial groups of one to three males and up to four females, denning together up to one third of nights.

It is primarily diurnal, although it is sometimes active on warm, moonlit nights. It doesn't seem to be territorial, but will nevertheless maintain stable home ranges that are often shared with members of related species. Indeed, the common slender mongoose and these other species may even den together, as most of their relatives are nocturnal. Dens may be found anywhere sheltered from the elements: in crevices between rocks, in hollow logs, and the like.

A male's range includes the ranges of several females, and scent cues inform him when the female is in heat. The gestation period is believed to be 60 to 70 days, and most pregnancies result in one to three young. The male does not help care for them. Unusually, for a solitary species, in the Kalahari Desert the males are philopatric whereas the females disperse.

The common slender mongoose is primarily carnivorous, though it is an opportunistic omnivore. Insects make up the bulk of its diet, but lizards, rodents, snakes, birds, amphibians, and the occasional fruit are eaten when available. It will also eat carrion and eggs. As befits the popular image of mongooses, the slender mongoose is capable of killing and subsequently eating venomous snakes, but such snakes do not constitute a significant portion of its diet.

Diet often changes during seasons where certain sources of food become less available. Insects are more likely to be consumed in during wet-months whereas larger prey is consumed during dry-months. This adaptability aids the slender common mongoose's ability to survive when changes in habitat occur.

4-6-2019 LINYANTI CAMP, BOTSWANA - ARNOT'S CHAT (Myrmecocichla arnotti) COURTESY OF MRS VALERIE FISHER

Arnot's Chat (*Myrmecocichla arnotti) is a striking southern African bird known for its black plumage, huge white wing patch, and distinctive head markings (white cap for males, large white throat for females). Found in miombo and mopane woodlands, this chat forages low in trees and on the ground, has an exuberant song, and nests in tree hollows. Its population faces threats from habitat loss and DDT use, notes Birds of the World. 

Key Facts:

Appearance: Medium-sized, black chat with prominent white wing patches; males have a white crown, females a large white throat patch.

Habitat: Prefers dry woodlands (miombo, mopane) and bushy areas in south-central Africa.

Diet & Behavior: Forages in mid-to-low tree levels and on the ground; often in pairs or family groups.

Vocalization: Features a fast, exuberant song of clucks, whistles, and rattles.

Nesting: Builds nests in tree holes, sometimes using old woodpecker holes, filling them with debris.

Conservation: Experiences local declines due to habitat destruction and DDT, according to BirdLife International.

Name Origin: Named after a Canon Tristram, who mistakenly spelled the knight's name as "Arnott" when assigning the honorific, says Birds of the World.