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European robins are small, plump birds known for their orange-red breast and face, and they are often unafraid of humans. They are territorial, sing year-round, and are common in gardens and woodlands across Europe. Their diet consists mainly of insects and worms, and they build their nests in holes and crevices.
Appearance and characteristics
Size: They are 12.5–14 cm long with a wingspan of 20–22 cm, weighing 16–22 g.
Plumage: Adults have a distinctive orange-red breast and face with a grey-brown back and a whitish belly. Juvenile robins are speckled brown and white until they mature.
Posture: They have a plump, round body and a relatively large head, often with an upright posture.
Behavior: They are often bold and can become very close to humans, especially when gardening.
Diet and habitat
Diet: Their diet primarily consists of insects, but they also eat worms, fruits, and seeds.
Habitat: They are adaptable and can be found in various habitats, including forests, parks, gardens, and hedgerows across Europe, parts of North Africa, and Western Asia.
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Territoriality: They are highly territorial, with both males and females defending their area, even against their own reflection, and singing throughout the winter to establish their territory.
Breeding and lifespan
Breeding: The breeding season runs from March to July. A female can incubate her eggs while the male feeds chicks from a previous brood.
Nest: They build their nests in holes or crevices in walls, banks, and trees, using materials like moss, leaves, and feathers.
Lifespan: The average lifespan is about 13 months due to high juvenile mortality, but some can live much longer, with the oldest recorded robin living to be 19 years old.
Other facts
Migration: Most European robins are sedentary, but some will migrate short distances south for winter, especially from colder regions.
Song: They sing all year round, with their song being heard at night in areas with artificial light.
Symbolism: They became a Christmas symbol in Britain during the Victorian era.
Scientific classification: The European robin's scientific name is Erithacus rubecula.
