The common crane (Grus grus), also known as the Eurasian crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. A medium-sized species, it is the only crane commonly found in Europe besides the demoiselle crane (Grus virgo) and the Siberian crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that only are regular in the far eastern part of the continent. Along with the sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis), demoiselle crane and the brolga (Antigone rubicunda), it is one of only four crane species not currently classified as threatened with extinction or conservation dependent on the species level. Despite the species' large numbers, local extinctions and extirpations have taken place in part of its range, and an ongoing reintroduction project is underway in the United Kingdom.
Adult common cranes measure between 100–130 cm in length and boast a wingspan of 180–240 cm. Their body weight ranges from 3 to 6.1 kg, with males typically larger and heavier than females. The species exhibits sexual size dimorphism, most notably in weight and wing length. Juveniles can be identified by their yellowish-brown feather tips and lack of adult coloration, including the drooping wing feathers and bright neck pattern.
Common cranes favor wetlands as their preferred habitats, thriving in boreal and taiga forests, mixed forests, and treeless moors. They breed in environments that offer peace and minimal human disturbance, often near small lakes or pools.
The common crane's breeding range spans Europe and the Palearctic to Siberia, with significant populations in Russia, Finland, and Sweden. It migrates to wintering grounds in Portugal, Spain, northern Africa, and parts of Asia, including China and the Indian subcontinent.
These cranes are social birds outside the breeding season, forming flocks that can number up to 400 individuals. They engage in a spectacular dancing display, which includes leaping with wings uplifted. This behavior serves complex social functions and can occur at any time of year.
The common crane's call is a loud, trumpeting sound that can be heard from great distances. It is typically given in flight and during their display dances.
Common cranes are monogamous and may form pair bonds that last for many years. They engage in elaborate courtship rituals each spring, which include synchronized calls and dances. Nests are built in or near shallow water, and the clutch usually contains two eggs. Both parents are fiercely protective of their nest and young.
