5-4-2018 PHINDA FOREST LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - NYALA (FEMALE) (Tragelaphus angusii)

The nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) is a spiral-horned antelope native to southern Africa. It was first described in 1849 by George French Angas. They are very shy cautious creatures. They inhabit thickets within dense and dry savanna woodlands and forage during the daylight hours. The main predators of the nyala are lion, leopard, and Cape hunting dog, while baboons and raptorial birds prey on juveniles.

The coat of the nyala is rusty or rufous brown in females and juveniles. It grows a dark brown or slate grey in adult males, often with a bluish tinge. Females and young males have ten or more white vertical stripes on their sides. Other markings are visible on the face, throat, flanks, and thighs. Stripes are very reduced or absent in older males. Both males and females have a white chevron between their eyes and a bushy tail white underside. Both sexes have a dorsal crest of hair running right from the back of the head to the end of the tail. Males have another line of hair along the midline of their chest and belly. Only the males have horns. Horns are 60-83 cm (24-33 in) long and yellow-tipped. There are one or two twists. The spoor is similar to that of the bushbuck, but larger. It is 5-6 cm (2-2.4 in) long. The nyala has hairy glands on its feet, which leave their scent wherever it walks.

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - HELMETED GUINEA FOWL (Numida meleagris)

The Helmeted Guineafowl, Numida meleagris, is a distinctive bird, easily recognized by its round body, small head, and striking plumage. Adults typically measure 53 to 58 cm in length and weigh around 1.3 kg. Their feathers are predominantly gray-black, speckled with white, providing them with a somewhat polka-dotted appearance.

One can identify the Helmeted Guineafowl by its bare head adorned with a bony knob, which can be dull yellow or reddish, and the surrounding skin may exhibit red, blue, or black colors. The wings and tail are short, contributing to a rather compact silhouette. Subspecies vary mainly in the size, shape, and color of the casque and facial wattles.

These birds favor warm, open environments with scattered shrubs and trees, such as savannas or farmlands, where they can forage and breed.

Native to Africa, mainly south of the Sahara, the Helmeted Guineafowl has been introduced to various regions worldwide, including the West Indies, North America, Colombia, Brazil, Australia, and Europe.

Helmeted Guineafowls are social creatures, forming flocks of about 25 individuals outside the breeding season. They are ground-dwelling birds, preferring to run rather than fly when threatened. Their flight is short and explosive, relying on gliding for longer distances. They are adept at running and can cover up to 10 km in a day. When alarmed, they emit loud, harsh calls.

The calls of domesticated hens and the sounds of young birds, known as keets, are characteristic of this species.

These birds are seasonal breeders, with summer being the peak season. The female lays a clutch of 6 to 12 eggs in a well-hidden scrape and incubates them for 26 to 28 days. Larger clutches may indicate shared nesting.

While there are various subspecies of Helmeted Guineafowl, they are generally distinguishable from other guineafowl by their unique head ornamentation and coloration.

The Helmeted Guineafowl's diet is diverse, including animal and plant foods. They consume seeds, tubers, and invertebrates, with a particular fondness for arthropods like beetles. They forage by scratching the ground with their strong claws.

The Helmeted Guineafowl is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, indicating a stable population without significant threats at present.

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - LEVAILLANT'S CUCKOO (Clamator levaillantii)

The Levaillant's cuckoo, a bird named in honor of the French explorer and ornithologist François Le Vaillant, is a striking species with a length of approximately 37.5 cm. This bird is characterized by a longer tail than its relative, the pied cuckoo, and a throat adorned with more pronounced streaking.

Observers should note the two distinct color morphs of Levaillant's cuckoo. The light morph boasts a black plumage with a subtle bluish or greenish gloss, while the throat streaking may extend onto the sides. The primaries and rectrix tips are white. In contrast, the dark morph is predominantly black, save for the white primary patch and white spots on the outer tail feathers. Juveniles present with a brown upper body, rufous wing-coverts, and rectrix tips, along with a buff forehead, face, and underparts, and more heavily streaked throat.

Levaillant's cuckoo favors bushy environments within its African range.

This cuckoo is a resident breeding species throughout Africa, south of the Sahara.

A master of deception, Levaillant's cuckoo engages in brood parasitism, laying its eggs in the nests of bulbuls and babblers. Both male and female engage in acrobatic flights to distract the host birds, with the male continuing the distraction while the female lays her egg. Notably, the cuckoo chick does not expel other eggs or nestlings from the nest and leaves it after about ten days, reaching independence in four to six weeks.

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - AFRICAN STRIPED SKINK (Trachylepis striata)

The African striped skink (Trachylepis striata), commonly called the striped skink, is a species of lizard in the skink family (Scincidae). The species is widespread in East Africa and Southern Africa. It is not a close relation to the Australian striped skink, Ctenotus taeniolatus.

T. striata is brown or bronze-coloured with two yellowish stripes that run lengthwise on either side of the spine. Both sexes grow to a total length (including tail) of 25 cm (9.8 in). Their tails are often missing due to predators.

The African striped skink (Trachylepis striata), or simply the striped skink, is a common species of skink found widely across sub-Saharan Africa. It typically has a sleek, streamlined body with distinctive striping along its sides, which differentiates it from similar species. The coloration and pattern can vary, but generally, it features a combination of brown, grey, and olive tones.

The African striped skink (Trachylepis striata), or simply the striped skink, is a common species of skink found widely across sub-Saharan Africa. It typically has a sleek, streamlined body with distinctive striping along its sides, which differentiates it from similar species. The coloration and pattern can vary, but generally, it features a combination of brown, grey, and olive tones.

The African striped skink is known for its adaptability to various habitats, ranging from woodlands and savannas to human-altered environments. It primarily feeds on insects and other small invertebrates. It is known for its agility and quick movements, which aid in both foraging for food and evading predators.

The African striped skink usually breeds in the warmer months. They are oviparous, laying eggs which hatch after an incubation period. Details on the exact duration of incubation and specific breeding behaviors are not yet known.

The population of African striped skink is unknown, but it has a wide range and it is common. It is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List. 

12-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - ZULU GIANT (Stapelia gigantea)

tapelia gigantea is a species of flowering plant in the genus Stapelia of the family Apocynaceae. Common names include Zulu giant, carrion plant and toad plant (although the nickname "carrion plant" can also refer to Stapelia grandiflora). The plant is native to the desert regions of South Africa to Tanzania.

Growing up to 20 cm (8 in) tall, it is a clump-forming succulent with erect green stems 3 cm (1.2 in) thick. The blooms are large star-shaped five-petalled flowers up to 25 cm (9.8 in) in diameter. The flowers are red and yellow, wrinkled, with a silky texture and fringed with hairs, that can be as long as 8 mm (0.3 in). They bloom in autumn, triggered by the shorter daylight hours.

The flowers have the smell of rotting flesh, in order to attract the flies which pollinate them. Scent compounds of carrion flowers responsible for their odour include diamines (putrescine and cadaverine), sulfur compounds and various phenolic molecules. Because of the foul odor of its flower, S. gigantea can act as an appetite suppressant in humans.

There have been several proposed reasons for the size of the flowers of S. gigantea. First, it is possible that they are large to attract the flies that pollinate them. The large size and color of the flowers combined with the carrion smell may cause the flies to behave as if it is a dead carcass and be more likely to visit it.

7-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - SOUTHERN WHITE CROWNED SHRIKE (Eurocephalus angustimens)

The Southern White-crowned Shrike, a bird of modest size, measures approximately 24 centimeters from beak to tail. Both male and female exhibit a similar plumage pattern. The adult's most striking feature is its brilliant white crown and forehead, contrasted by a stark black mask that extends from above the eye to the neck's sides. The bird's upper parts are an ashy-brown, while the wings and tail display a darker brown hue. Its underparts are an off-white, with the upper breast showing a hint of buff and the lower belly and vent areas returning to an ashy-brown. The beak, eyes, and legs are all a deep, dark brown. Juvenile birds share a resemblance with adults but have a crown that is mottled and barred with grey rather than pure white, and their underparts bear a wash of ashy brown.

When identifying the Southern White-crowned Shrike, look for the distinctive white crown and black mask, as well as the ashy-brown upper parts and off-white underparts. The bird's beak is notably black, which can be a helpful marker in the field.

This species is known to inhabit subtropical or tropical dry forests and dry savannahs, where it can be observed living and foraging.

The Southern White-crowned Shrike graces the skies and landscapes of several African countries, including Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.

This bird is highly sociable, often seen in small, tightly-knit groups that can range from three to six individuals, and sometimes even up to twenty outside the breeding season. They exhibit cooperative behavior, especially evident during breeding when they build nests together, share incubation duties, and collectively feed the nestlings. While not typically aggressive, they will valiantly defend against predators, particularly birds of prey. In their foraging efforts, they may associate with Tockus hornbills, capitalizing on the insects disturbed by these larger birds.

The Southern White-crowned Shrike communicates with its own unique vocalizations, which are an integral part of its social behavior and can be heard throughout its habitat.

These birds engage in cooperative breeding, a remarkable behavior where group members collaborate in constructing the nest, incubating the eggs, and feeding the young.

While there are other shrikes with similar features, the Southern White-crowned Shrike can be distinguished by its unique coloration and behavior patterns.

The diet of the Southern White-crowned Shrike includes insects, which they often forage for in the company of Tockus hornbills, taking advantage of the larger birds' ability to flush out prey.

The Southern White-crowned Shrike is currently classified as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), indicating a stable population without any immediate threats to its survival.

7-3-2020 THATTEKAD, INDIA - EUROPEAN NIGHTJAR (Caprimulgus europaeus)

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - SOUTHERN GIRAFFE (Giraffa giraffa)

The southern giraffe (Giraffa giraffa), also known as two-horned giraffe, is a species of giraffe native to Southern Africa. However, the IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.

Southern giraffes have rounded or blotched spots, some with star-like extensions on a light tan background, running down to the hooves. They range from South Africa, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Their approximate population is composed of 44,500 to 50,000 individuals.

Giraffes as one species are considered Vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN.

Living giraffes were originally classified as one species by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, under the binomial name Cervus camelopardalis. Morten Thrane Brünnich classified the genus Giraffa in 1772. Once considered a subspecies of the conglomerate Giraffa camelopardalis species, recent studies proposed the southern giraffe as a separate species of a reorganised genus Giraffa, under the binomial name Giraffa giraffa. However, the taxonomic scheme has been criticized, and currently the IUCN recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.

The southern giraffes live in the savannahs and woodlands of northern South Africa, Angola, southern Botswana, southern Zimbabwe, Zambia and south-western Mozambique. After local extinctions in various places, the South African giraffes have been reintroduced in many parts of Southern Africa, including in Eswatini. They are common in both inside and outside of protected areas.

Southern giraffes usually live in savannahs and woodlands where food plants are available. Southern giraffes are herbivorous mammals. They feed on leaves, flowers, fruits and shoots of woody plants such as Acacia.

Southern giraffes are not threatened, as their population is increasing.

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - EAST AFRICAN HARRIER HAWK (Polyboroides typus ssp. typus)

The African harrier-hawk, or gymnogene, is a medium-sized bird of prey, measuring about 60 to 66 centimeters in length. It is distinguished by its pale grey upperparts, head, and breast, while its belly is white with fine dark barring. The broad wings are pale grey with a distinctive black trailing edge, highlighted by a narrow white line. Its tail is black with a single broad white band. A notable feature is the bare facial patch, which can be red or yellow. Both sexes appear similar, though juveniles display pale brown where adults are grey, and dark brown replaces the black areas.

When observing this raptor, look for the double-jointed ankles, a unique adaptation that allows it to probe into crevices for food. The African harrier-hawk's flight is characterized by its black trailing edge on the wings and the single white band on the tail. The facial patch color can also be a helpful identifier, varying between individuals.

This adaptable bird can be found in a range of habitats including thick rainforests, forest edges, riparian areas, agricultural lands, and even human-occupied areas. It is quite common in traditional rural villages and has been known to breed in palm trees within urban settings.

The African harrier-hawk is widespread across sub-Saharan Africa, with a higher prevalence in the tropical regions of western Africa. Its presence becomes less common towards the eastern and southern parts of the continent.

This species exhibits a fascinating courtship display where pairs may soar together at great heights, often vocalizing. Males may perform undulating flights alone, and when in pairs, they may engage in talon-touching maneuvers. The African harrier-hawk is also known for its intelligence in locating prey by gauging the aggression level of mobbing passerines.

The call of the African harrier-hawk is a distinctive whistled "sueee-sueee-sueee," often heard during flight or courtship displays.

Breeding seasons vary across their range, with March to August in Nigeria and the austral summer in southern regions. Nests are large, circular structures made of sticks and lined with leaves, often reused across seasons. Clutch sizes range from one to three eggs.

The African harrier-hawk may be confused with other grey raptors, but its unique leg structure and behavior when foraging are distinctive.

An omnivorous diet includes fruit from oil palms and small vertebrates. Its climbing ability and double-jointed legs allow it to raid nests of cavity-nesters for eggs and nestlings. It also preys on introduced species such as feral pigeons and house sparrows.

The IUCN lists the African harrier-hawk as Least Concern, indicating a stable population across its wide range.

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - GRAYFOOT CHACMA BABOON (Papio ursinus ssp. griseipes)

The Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) is a member of the Old World monkey family. It is one of the largest of all monkeys. Located primarily in southern Africa, the chacma baboon has a wide variety of social behaviors, including a dominance hierarchy, collective foraging, adoption of young by females, and friendship pairings. In general, the species is not threatened, but hunting, trapping, and accidents kill or remove many baboons from the wild, thereby reducing their numbers and disrupting their social structure.

The Chacma baboon is perhaps the longest species of monkey and it is also one of the heaviest. Adult males can in some instances be about twice as long and three times as heavy as adult females. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of this baboon is its long, downward-sloping face. The Chacma baboon is generally dark brown to gray in color, with a patch of rough hair on the nape of its neck. Unlike the males of northern baboon species (Guinea, hamadryas, and Olive baboons), Chacma males do not have a mane. The three subspecies are differentiated by size and color. The Cape chacma is a large, heavy, dark-brown, and has black feet. The Gray-footed chacma is slightly smaller than the Cape chacma, lighter in color and build, and has gray feet. The Ruacana chacma generally appears to be a smaller, less darkly colored version of the Cape chacma.

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - DARK CHANTING GOSHAWK (Melierax metabates)

The Gabar Goshawk, a bird of prey from the Accipitridae family, presents a fascinating case of polymorphism. This species exhibits two distinct color morphs: the more common pale form, with its predominantly grey upperparts, white rump, and barred chest, thighs, and underwings, and the rarer, almost entirely black form. Both adult morphs share dark eyes, long legs, and a red cere, while juveniles display a yellow cere and legs, and a generally browner plumage with less defined barring. Females are notably larger than males, with body lengths ranging from 28 to 36 cm and a wingspan of approximately 63 cm.

To identify the Gabar Goshawk, look for the striking white rump and the barred tail in the pale morph. The dark morph can be recognized by its near-black appearance. Juveniles can be distinguished by their yellow cere and legs, as well as their untidier barring compared to adults.

The Gabar Goshawk is found in open woodlands, particularly favoring dry Acacia savanna and broad-leaved woodlands. It can also be seen in tree-lined watercourses in arid regions and occasionally in urban areas.

This species is widespread across sub-Saharan Africa and extends into the Arabian Peninsula. It is divided into three subspecies: M. g. aequatorius in the highlands from Ethiopia to northern Mozambique, M. g. gabar from southern Angola to South Africa, and M. g. niger from Senegambia to Sudan and southwestern Arabia.

Typically sedentary, the Gabar Goshawk may exhibit nomadic tendencies in immature birds and some migratory movements. It is often seen alone or in pairs during the breeding season, engaging in aerial pursuits or calling from perches.

Nesting occurs in thorny trees, where the goshawk uses spider webs, including live spiders, to construct its nest, possibly aiding in camouflage and parasite control. Breeding season peaks from September to November, with clutches of two eggs being common. The female primarily incubates the eggs for about 33–38 days, and chicks fledge around 35–36 days old.

The Gabar Goshawk primarily preys on small birds, but will also hunt small mammals, reptiles, and insects. It employs an energetic pursuit to flush out prey from trees or may hunt from a perch, swooping down to capture its target.

The Gabar Goshawk is currently listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, indicating a stable population without significant immediate threats to its survival.

11-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - MARABOU STORK (Leptoptilos crumenifer)

The Marabou Stork, Leptoptilos crumenifer, is a formidable presence in the avian world, with its massive stature and striking appearance. It stands tall at approximately 152 centimeters and can weigh up to 9 kilograms. Its wingspan is a sight to behold, stretching up to 3.7 meters, rivaling even the Andean condor in breadth. The marabou is adorned with a black back, contrasting white underparts, and a distinctive bare head and neck. Its bill is robust, and it sports a pink gular sac at its throat, a neck ruff, and white legs. Both sexes appear similar, though the female is typically smaller, and juveniles are browner with a less pronounced bill.

To identify the Marabou Stork, look for its large size, bare head, and neck, along with its black back and white underparts. The bird's enormous bill and pink throat sac are also key characteristics. When in flight, note that unlike most storks, the Marabou Stork flies with its neck retracted, resembling a heron.

The Marabou Stork is native to sub-Saharan Africa, where it can be found in a variety of habitats, both wet and arid. It often resides near human habitation, particularly around landfill sites.

This species is widespread across sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal to Ethiopia, and down to South Africa. It is a common sight in both urban and less populated areas, depending on the region.

The Marabou Stork is known for its gregarious nature, often seen in groups. It is a colonial breeder, particularly during the dry season when food is more abundant. The bird has a reputation for being ill-tempered and is not particularly vocal, though it engages in bill-rattling courtship displays. The throat sac plays a role in producing sounds during this time.

The Marabou Stork is relatively quiet compared to other birds, but it does engage in bill-rattling as part of its courtship ritual.

Breeding occurs in colonies during the dry season. The female lays two to three eggs in a stick nest, with the eggs hatching after 30 days. Young Marabou Storks reach sexual maturity at 4 years, and the species can live up to 43 years in captivity and 25 years in the wild.

The Marabou Stork is an opportunistic feeder, primarily scavenging on carrion, scraps, and faeces. It is known to consume a wide range of animal matter, including fish, frogs, insects, small mammals, and reptiles. During the breeding season, it focuses on small, live prey to feed its nestlings. The bird often follows vultures to feed on carcasses and may become dependent on human garbage, consuming almost anything it can swallow.

Adult Marabou Storks face few natural predators and enjoy a high annual survival rate. However, they can fall prey to ambush by lions. They are also susceptible to various endoparasites, which can impact their health and longevity.

11-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - WHITE BACKED VULTURE (Gyps africanus)

The White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus) is a medium-sized vulture, characterized by down feathers on the head and neck, broad wings, and short tail feathers. It boasts a distinctive white neck ruff, with adults displaying a whitish back that contrasts starkly with the rest of their dark plumage. Juveniles present a more uniform dark appearance. This species typically weighs between 4.2 to 7.2 kg, measures 78 to 98 cm in length, and spans a wingspan of 1.96 to 2.25 m.

To identify the white-backed vulture, look for its white neck ruff and the contrasting white back against dark plumage in adults. Juveniles are darker overall. The species has a relatively short tail and broad wings suited for soaring.

The white-backed vulture is found in a variety of habitats across Africa, from the Sahel region to the savannahs of the south. It prefers wooded savannahs where it can find large trees suitable for nesting.

This vulture is widespread across Africa, from Senegal and Gambia in the west, through Ethiopia and Somalia in the east, and down to Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa in the south.

White-backed vultures are social creatures, often seen circling the skies in search of carrion. They feed in groups and are typically among the first vultures to arrive at a carcass, asserting dominance over other species. After gorging themselves, they may rest with wings spread to bask in the sun.

White-backed vultures nest in trees, showing a preference for tall species such as Acacias. Their nests are large, constructed with sticks, and lined with leaves and grasses. The breeding cycle is lengthy, with an incubation period of around 8 weeks and a nestling period of 4-5 months.

The White-backed Vulture can be eaily conused with the Cape Vulture.

Obligate scavengers, white-backed vultures feed primarily on the carcasses of large grazing animals. They are limited to softer tissues due to their medium-sized beaks, which are not adapted for tearing through tough skin.

The white-backed vulture is currently listed as Critically Endangered. It has suffered rapid population declines due to habitat loss, anthropogenic disturbances, poisoning, and collisions with power lines. Conservation efforts are critical for the survival of this species.

This large scavenger is vital to its ecosystem. It only feeds on carrion—the carcasses of dead animals—and, by eating flesh before it rots, the vulture prevents dangerous bacteria and viruses from growing on decomposing carcasses. Its stomach acids also neutralize pathogens, which limits the risk of spreading diseases to humans and other animals. By picking carcasses clean so quickly, vultures also suppress insect populations that are linked with eye diseases.

11-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - HOODED VULTURE (Necrosyrtes monachus)

The hooded vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus) is a small, scruffy-looking vulture with a distinctive cream-colored hood of downy feathers running from the back of its neck to the crown of its head. It has dark brown plumage, a long thin bill, and a bare crown, face, and fore-neck. The face is typically a light red color, flushing red when agitated. This species is one of the smaller members of the Old World vultures.

Adult hooded vultures are characterized by their pinkish-white head, which can turn red when they are excited, and a grey to black "hood." They have broad wings for soaring and a short tail. Both sexes appear similar, though females may have longer eyelashes. Juveniles resemble adults but are darker with a purplish sheen to their body feathers.

Hooded vultures are found in a variety of habitats, including open grasslands, deserts, wooded savannas, forest edges, and coastal areas. They are often seen around human habitation, waste tips, and abattoirs.

This species has a widespread distribution across sub-Saharan Africa, with populations in southern, East, and West Africa. They are most commonly found in the western region of The Gambia.

Hooded vultures are mostly sedentary, rarely moving more than 200 km from their nesting sites. They are known to follow scavenging African wild dogs and hyenas and are often seen in flocks, especially when foraging at abattoirs or on large carcasses. In southern Africa, they tend to be solitary and secretive.

The hooded vulture is usually silent but may emit a shrill, sibilant whistle during copulation and thin squealing calls at nests and carcasses.

These vultures breed in stick nests in trees, often palms, laying a single egg. They may form loose colonies and are most active during the day. The breeding season coincides with the dry season, and young are dependent on their parents for several months post-fledging.

The hooded vulture can be distinguished from other vulture species by its smaller size, distinctive "hood," and the red flush of its face when agitated.

Hooded vultures are scavengers, feeding primarily on carcasses of dead animals and waste. They also consume insects and are seen in large numbers during termite emergences.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has rated the hooded vulture as "critically endangered." The species faces threats from poisoning, hunting, habitat loss, and collisions with electricity infrastructure.

Protected under various international agreements, conservation actions for the hooded vulture include systematic monitoring, protection schemes, and efforts to regulate and limit the use of pesticides and poisons in regions where the species occurs.

12-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - COMMON BULBUL (Pycnonotus barbatus)

The common bulbul, or Pycnonotus barbatus, is a passerine bird belonging to the bulbul family. It is characterized by a fairly short, thin bill with a slightly downward curve on the upper mandible. The plumage is similar for both sexes, featuring a dark brown head and upperparts. The bird's bill, legs, and feet are black, and it possesses a dark brown eye with an inconspicuous dark eye-ring. With a length of about 18 cm (7.1 in), the common bulbul has a notably long tail.

When identifying the common bulbul, look for its dark brown head and upperparts, and its long tail. The black bill, legs, and feet are also distinctive, as is the dark brown eye. The eye-ring may be difficult to discern. The bird's overall length and silhouette are key features to observe.

The common bulbul is adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats including woodland, coastal bush, forest edges, riverine bush, montane scrub, and mixed farming areas. It also thrives in exotic thickets, gardens, and parks.

This species is a widespread resident breeder across much of Africa, and has even been found breeding as far north as southern Spain. Its range extends from Morocco to Tunisia, southern Mauritania to western Chad and northern Cameroon, central Nigeria to Gabon and southern Congo, eastern Chad to northern and central Sudan and eastern Egypt, and in southeastern Sudan, western, central, and eastern Ethiopia, and Eritrea.

12-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - YELLOW BELLIED GREENBUL (Chlorocichla flaviventris)

The Yellow-bellied Greenbul, with its scientific name Chlorocichla flaviventris, is a charming songbird belonging to the bulbul family, Pycnonotidae. This species exhibits a delightful contrast of colors with its yellow underparts and greenish upper body, making it a visual treat for birdwatchers.

When trying to identify the Yellow-bellied Greenbul, look for its distinctive yellow belly which gives this bird its name. The greenish hue of its feathers blends seamlessly with the foliage, providing excellent camouflage in its natural habitat.

The Yellow-bellied Greenbul thrives in a variety of environments, including subtropical or tropical dry forests, moist lowland forests, and the dry savanna. These diverse habitats provide the bird with ample opportunities for foraging and nesting.

This species is widely distributed across eastern, southern, and west-central Africa. Its presence is a testament to the adaptability of the species across a range of African landscapes.

Observing the Yellow-bellied Greenbul in its natural setting, one might note its active foraging behavior and the agility with which it moves through the understory, a behavior typical of many bulbul species.

The vocalizations of the Yellow-bellied Greenbul are characteristic of its family, contributing to the rich tapestry of sounds that one might experience in the African forests and savannas.

Information on the breeding habits of the Yellow-bellied Greenbul is essential for understanding its life cycle and ensuring the protection of its nesting sites.

The Yellow-bellied Greenbul may be confused with other bulbuls, but its unique coloration and distribution help to distinguish it from its relatives. Careful observation and familiarity with its characteristics can aid in proper identification.

The diet of the Yellow-bellied Greenbul is not specified, but as with many bulbuls, it likely includes a variety of insects and fruits, which are abundant in its habitats.

The IUCN Red List classifies the Yellow-bellied Greenbul as Least Concern, indicating that, for now, this species does not face immediate threats to its survival. However, continued monitoring is essential to ensure that it remains a thriving member of the avian community.

12-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - COMMON WARTHOG (Phacochoerus Africus)

The Common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus) is a wild member of the pig family (Suidae) found in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only pig species that has adapted to grazing and savanna habitats.

Common warthogs are found in sub-Saharan Africa. They live in grasslands, savanna, open bushlands, and woodlands. These animals prefer open areas and avoid rainforests, thickets, cool montane grasslands, and severe deserts.

A warthog has two pairs of tusks protruding from the mouth and curving upwards. The lower pair, which is far shorter than the upper pair, becomes razor-sharp by rubbing against the upper pair every time the mouth is opened and closed. The upper canine teeth can grow to 25.5 cm (10.0 in) long and have a wide elliptical cross-section, being about 4.5 cm (1.8 in) deep and 2.5 cm (0.98 in) wide. A tusk will curve 90° or more from the root, and will not lie flat on a table, as it curves somewhat backward as it grows. The tusks are not used for digging, but are used for combat with other hogs and in defense against predators - the lower set can inflict severe wounds. Common warthog ivory is taken from the constantly growing canine teeth. The tusks, particularly the upper set, work in much the same way as elephant tusks with all designs scaled down. Tusks are carved predominantly for the tourist trade in eastern and southern Africa. The head of the Common warthog is large, with a mane down the spine to the middle of the back. Sparse hair covers the body. Its color is usually black or brown. Tails are long and end with a tuft of hair. Common warthogs do not have subcutaneous fat and the coat is sparse, making them susceptible to extreme environmental temperatures.

Common warthogs are social animals and live in groups called sounders. Females live in sounders with their young and with other females. Females tend to stay in their natal groups, while males leave, but stay within the home range. Subadult males associate in bachelor groups but live alone when they become adults. Adult males only join sounders during the breeding season. Common warthogs are not territorial but instead occupy a home range. They have two facial glands: the tusk gland and the sebaceous gland. They mark sleeping and feeding areas and waterholes. Common warthogs use tusk marking for courtship, antagonistic behaviors, and to establish status. They are powerful diggers and use both their snouts and feet. Whilst feeding, they often bend their front feet backward and move around on the wrists. Although they can dig their own burrows, they usually occupy abandoned burrows of other animals. When temperatures are high Common warthogs enjoy wallowing in the mud in order to cool themselves and will huddle together to get warm when the temperatures get low. Although capable of fighting, the Common warthog's primary defense is to flee by means of fast sprinting. However, if a female has any piglets, she will defend them very aggressively.

12-4-2018 VICTORIA FALLS, ZIMBABWE - BANDED MONGOOSE (Mungos mungo)

The banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) is a mongoose species native from the Sahel to Southern Africa. It lives in savannas, open forests and grasslands and feeds primarily on beetles and millipedes. Mongooses use various types of dens for shelter including termite mounds. While most mongoose species live solitary lives, the banded mongoose live in colonies with a complex social structure.

The banded mongoose is a sturdy mongoose with a large head, small ears, short, muscular limbs and a long tail, almost as long as the rest of the body. Animals of wetter areas are larger and darker colored than animals of dryer regions. The abdominal part of the body is higher and rounder than the breast area. The rough fur is grayish brown and black, and there are several dark brown to black horizontal bars across the back. The limbs and snout are darker, while the underparts are lighter than the rest of the body. Banded mongooses have long strong claws that allow them to dig in the soil. The nose color of banded mongoose varies from gray-brown to orange-red.

An adult animal can reach a length of 30 to 45 cm and a weight of 1.5 to 2.25 kg. The tail is 15 to 30 cm long.

The banded mongoose is found in a large part of East, Southeast and South-Central Africa. There are also populations in the northern savannas of West Africa. The banded mongoose lives in savannas, open forests and grassland, especially near water, but also in dry, thorny bushland but not deserts. The species uses various types of dens for shelter, most commonly termite mounds. They will also live in rock shelters, thickets, gullies, and warrens under bushes. Mongooses prefer multi-entranced termitaria with open thicket, averaging 4 m from the nearest shelter, located in semi-closed woodland. In contrast to the den of the dwarf mongoose, banded mongoose dens are less dependent on vegetation cover and have more entrances. Banded mongooses live in larger groups than dwarf mongooses and thus more entrances means more members have access to the den and ventilation. The development of agriculture in the continent has had a positive influence on the number of banded mongooses. The crops of the farmland serve as an extra food source.

The banded mongoose lives in many of Africa's protected areas. The Serengeti of Tanzania, has a density of around three mongooses per km2. In southern KwaZulu-Natal, mongoose numbers are at a similar density at 2.4 km2. Queen Elizabeth National Park has much higher mongoose densities at 18/km2.

Banded mongooses live in mixed-sex groups of 5–75 individuals with an average of around 20 individuals. Groups sleep together at night in underground dens, often abandoned termite mounds, and change dens frequently (every 2–3 days). When no refuge is available and hard-pressed by predators such as African wild dogs, the group will form a compact arrangement in which they lie on each other with heads facing outwards and upwards. There is generally no strict hierarchy in mongoose groups. Most aggression and hierarchical behavior occurs between males when females are in oestrus. Males will mate-guard females in the group and attempt to control reproduction, but this practice is only minimally successful, with females tending to work against the mate-guarding male by proactively securing extra-pair copulations. Older females have earlier estrous periods and have larger litters. Older females are more desirable for males and will be the first females mate-guarded. When groups get too large, some females are forced out of the group by either older females or males. These females may form new groups with subordinate males. Relations between groups are highly aggressive and mongooses are sometimes killed and injured during intergroup encounters. Nevertheless, breeding females will often mate with males from a rival groups during fights (extra-group copulations). Mongooses establish their territories with scent markings that may also serve as communication between those in the same group.

Banded mongooses feed primarily on insects, myriapods, small reptiles, and birds. Millipedes and beetles make up most of their diet, but they also commonly eat ants, crickets, termites, grasshoppers, caterpillars, earwigs and snails. Other prey items of the mongoose includes mice, rats, frogs, lizards, small snakes, ground birds and the eggs of both birds and reptiles. It will also eat vegetable matter in the form of wild fruits. On some occasions, mongooses will drink water from rain pools and lake shores.

Banded mongoose forage in groups, but each member searches for food alone; however they work as a team when dealing with venomous snakes such as cobras. They forage in the morning for several hours and then rest in the shade. They will usually forage again in the late afternoon. Mongooses use their sense of smell to locate their prey and dig them out with their long claws, both in holes in the ground and holes in trees. Mongoose will also frequent the dung of large herbivores since it attracts beetles. Low grunts are produced every few seconds for communication. When hunting prey that secrete toxins, mongooses will roll them on the ground. Durable prey is thrown on hard surfaces.