4-4-2026 TAVERNES PLAYA, VALENCIA - LITTLE EGRET (Egretta garzetta)

The little egret (Egretta garzetta) is a species of small heron in the family Ardeidae. It is a white bird with a slender black beak, long black legs and, in the western race, yellow feet. As an aquatic bird, it feeds in shallow water and on land, consuming a variety of small creatures. It breeds colonially, often with other species of water birds, making a platform nest of sticks in a tree, bush or reed bed. A clutch of three to five bluish-green eggs is laid and incubated by both parents for about three weeks. The young fledge at about six weeks of age.

Its breeding distribution is in wetlands in warm temperate to tropical parts of Asia, Africa, Australia, and Europe. A successful colonist, its range has gradually expanded north, with stable and self-sustaining populations now present in the United Kingdom.

In warmer locations, most birds are permanent residents; northern populations, including many European birds, migrate to Africa and southern Asia to over-winter there. The birds may also wander north in late summer after the breeding season, and their tendency to disperse may have assisted in the recent expansion of the bird's range. At one time common in Western Europe, it was hunted extensively in the 19th century to provide plumes for the decoration of hats and became locally extinct in northwestern Europe and scarce in the south. Around 1950, conservation laws were introduced in southern Europe to protect the species and their numbers began to increase. By the beginning of the 21st century the bird was breeding again in France, the Netherlands, Ireland and Britain. Its range is continuing to expand westward, and the species has begun to colonise the New World; it was first seen in Barbados in 1954 and first bred there in 1994. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the bird's global conservation status as being of "least concern".

5-4-2026 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - FALSE SOW THISTLE (Reichardia tingitana)

Reichardia tingitana is a species of plant in the family Asteraceae that is distributed primarily throughout Mediterranean and West Asia. It is known by the common name false sowthistle.

The leaves have an alternate arrangement and are entire with serrated margins. No stipule is present on the petiole.

An annual plant, its flowering period is from March to May. Like most angiosperms, its flowers are hermaphroditic. The petals are of a yellow color.

As a glycophyte, it is accustomed to growing in saline soils. Arid deserts and shrub-steppes are its most common habitats. It also grows well in sandy depressions in the Middle East.

In France, it is a naturalized species. Another country it has been introduced to is Australia, where it is commonly recognized as a minor weed. There its main habitats are urban sites, coastal dunes and alluvial plains.

It has been recorded in Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and eastern Saudi Arabia. Common names for it in Arabia are huzan, mureer, and murar. Uses in folk medicine have been recorded in the Middle East, its leaves being used to treat ailments such as constipation, colic and inflamed eyes.

23-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - AFRICAN SAVANNA ELEPHANT (Loxodonta Africana)

The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), also known as the African savanna elephant, is a species of elephant native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of three extant elephant species and, along with the African forest elephant, one of two extant species of African elephant. It is the largest living terrestrial animal, with fully grown bulls reaching an average shoulder height of 3.04–3.36 metres (10.0–11.0 ft) and a body mass of 5.2–6.9 tonnes (5.7–7.6 short tons); the largest recorded specimen had a shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft) and an estimated body mass of 10.4 tonnes (11.5 short tons). The African bush elephant is characterised by its long prehensile trunk with two finger-like processes; a convex back; large ears which help reduce body heat; and sturdy tusks that are noticeably curved. The skin is grey with scanty hairs, and bending cracks which support thermoregulation by retaining water. 

 The African bush elephant inhabits a variety of habitats such as forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. It is a mixed herbivore feeding mostly on grasses, creepers, herbs, leaves, and bark. The average adult consumes about 150 kg (330 lb) of vegetation and 230 L (51 imp gal; 61 US gal) of water each day. A social animal, the African bush elephant often travels in herds composed of cows and their offspring. Adult bulls usually live alone or in small bachelor groups. During the mating season, males go through a process called musth, a period of high testosterone levels and heightened aggression. For females, the menstrual cycle lasts three to four months, and gestation around 22 months, the longest of any mammal.

23-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - AFRICAN SAVANNA ELEPHANT (Loxodonta Africana)

 The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), also known as the African savanna elephant, is a species of elephant native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of three extant elephant species and, along with the African forest elephant, one of two extant species of African elephant. It is the largest living terrestrial animal, with fully grown bulls reaching an average shoulder height of 3.04–3.36 metres (10.0–11.0 ft) and a body mass of 5.2–6.9 tonnes (5.7–7.6 short tons); the largest recorded specimen had a shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft) and an estimated body mass of 10.4 tonnes (11.5 short tons). The African bush elephant is characterised by its long prehensile trunk with two finger-like processes; a convex back; large ears which help reduce body heat; and sturdy tusks that are noticeably curved. The skin is grey with scanty hairs, and bending cracks which support thermoregulation by retaining water. 

23-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, S AFRICA - SOUTHEAST AFRICAN CHEETAH (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus),

The Southeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) is the nominate cheetah subspecies native to East and Southern Africa. The Southern African cheetah lives mainly in the lowland areas and deserts of the Kalahari, the savannahs of Okavango Delta, and the grasslands of the Transvaal region in South Africa. In Namibia, cheetahs are mostly found in farmlands.[2] In India, four cheetahs of the subspecies are living in Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh after having been introduced there.

The cheetah is a medium-sized cat. An adult male cheetah's total size can measure from 168 to 213 cm (66 to 84 in) and 162 to 200 cm (64 to 79 in) for females. Adult cheetahs are 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in) tall at the shoulder. Males are slightly taller than females and have slightly bigger heads with wider incisors and longer mandibles. 

The Southeast African cheetah usually lives on grasslands, savannahs, scrub forests, and arid environments such as deserts and semidesert steppes. These cheetahs can be found in open fields, where they chase and hunt herbivorous mammals such as antelopes at a very high speed. In South Africa, the cheetah also prefers woodlands (in Kruger National Park), shrublands, high mountains, mountainous grasslands, and montane areas where favorable prey are mostly available.

The Southeast African cheetah is currently the most common subspecies and was widespread everywhere in southern to central Africa, ranging from South Africa to the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga Province) and southern Tanzania. Its range is now greatly reduced, where it occurs in an area of 1,223,388 km2 (472,353 sq mi), 22% of its original range.

In the past, less than 10,000 cheetahs were hunted in Namibian farmlands. Previously estimated at mere 2,000 individuals since the 1990s, as of 2015, over 3,500 cheetahs live in Namibia today. The country maintains the largest population of wild cheetahs worldwide. About 90–95% of the cheetahs live on Namibian farmlands; others live in the Kalahari Basin, the coastal deserts of Namib and Kaokoveld, and the central to northeastern region of the country. Although Namibian cheetahs are mostly found outside of protected areas, they also live in Naankuse Wildlife Sanctuary, Namib-Naukluft National Park, and Bwabwata National Park. The cheetahs are rather uncommon in Etosha National Park and in Palmwag.

With an approximate population of 2,000 cheetahs as of 2016, Botswana has the second-largest population of cheetahs. They are mostly found in arid habitats of the Central Kalahari, Mokolodi Nature Reserve, and Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (known as Gemsbok National Park in Botswana) in the south, and in the southwest and also in the northern region of the country that holds the largest prey base, such as in Okavango Delta, Chobe National Park, and Moremi Game Reserve. Khutse Game Reserve is also known to contain high abundance of suitable prey base for cheetahs, such as springboks, gemsboks, and wildebeests. Cheetahs are rarely found in the eastern Botswana and at the Zimbabwean border.

In South Africa, cheetahs live in the Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, and Northern Cape Provinces. After conservation efforts throughout the years, cheetahs have been reintroduced in the eastern, western, and southern parts, and recently in the Free State province of the country. Over 90% of the cheetah population is found outside protected areas such as game reserves and in farmlands. More than 412 cheetahs are in Kruger National Park, subpopulations of 300 to 350 in parks and reserves, and 400 to 500 free-roaming on farmlands in the Limpopo and North West Province, although the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park is the stronghold for cheetahs. Kruger and Kalahari Gemsbok National Parks hold the largest populations; they are home to roughly 42% of South Africa's cheetahs. Cheetahs had not always been common in South Africa. As of now, the country contains the third-largest population of cheetahs after years of conservation actions and reintroductions into the wild. In 2016, it is estimated about 1,500 adult cheetahs live in the wild.

22-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, S AFRICA - CAPE WILD DOG (Lycaon pictus ssp. pictus)

The African wild dog (Lycaon pictus), also called painted dog and Cape hunting dog, is a wild canine native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is the largest wild canine in Africa, and the only extant member of the genus Lycaon, which is distinguished from Canis by dentition highly specialised for a hypercarnivorous diet and by a lack of dewclaws.

It is estimated that there are around 6,600 adults (including 1,400 mature individuals) living in 39 subpopulations, all threatened by habitat fragmentation, human persecution and outbreaks of disease. As the largest subpopulation probably consists of fewer than 250 individuals, the African wild dog has been listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1990.

The African wild dog is a specialized hunter of terrestrial ungulates, mostly hunting at dawn and dusk, but also displays diurnal activity. It captures its prey by using stamina and cooperative hunting to exhaust them. Its natural competitors are lions and spotted hyenas: the former will kill the dogs where possible whilst the latter are frequent kleptoparasites. Like other canids, the African wild dog regurgitates food for its young but also extends this action to adults as a central part of the pack's social unit. The young have the privilege of feeding first on carcasses.

The African wild dog has been revered in several hunter-gatherer societies, particularly those of the San people and Prehistoric Egypt.

23-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, S AFRICA - AFRICAN SAVANNA ELEPHANT (Loxodonta Africana)

The African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), also known as the African savanna elephant, is a species of elephant native to sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of three extant elephant species and, along with the African forest elephant, one of two extant species of African elephant. It is the largest living terrestrial animal, with fully grown bulls reaching an average shoulder height of 3.04–3.36 metres (10.0–11.0 ft) and a body mass of 5.2–6.9 tonnes (5.7–7.6 short tons); the largest recorded specimen had a shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft) and an estimated body mass of 10.4 tonnes (11.5 short tons). The African bush elephant is characterised by its long prehensile trunk with two finger-like processes; a convex back; large ears which help reduce body heat; and sturdy tusks that are noticeably curved. The skin is grey with scanty hairs, and bending cracks which support thermoregulation by retaining water. 

The African bush elephant inhabits a variety of habitats such as forests, grasslands, woodlands, wetlands and agricultural land. It is a mixed herbivore feeding mostly on grasses, creepers, herbs, leaves, and bark. The average adult consumes about 150 kg (330 lb) of vegetation and 230 L (51 imp gal; 61 US gal) of water each day. A social animal, the African bush elephant often travels in herds composed of cows and their offspring. Adult bulls usually live alone or in small bachelor groups. During the mating season, males go through a process called musth, a period of high testosterone levels and heightened aggression. For females, the menstrual cycle lasts three to four months, and gestation around 22 months, the longest of any mammal.

The Southeast African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) is the nominate cheetah subspecies native to East and Southern Africa. The Southern African cheetah lives mainly in the lowland areas and deserts of the Kalahari, the savannahs of Okavango Delta, and the grasslands of the Transvaal region in South Africa. In Namibia, cheetahs are mostly found in farmlands. In India, four cheetahs of the subspecies are living in Kuno National Park in Madhya Pradesh after having been introduced there.

The cheetah is a medium-sized cat. An adult male cheetah's total size can measure from 168 to 213 cm (66 to 84 in) and 162 to 200 cm (64 to 79 in) for females. Adult cheetahs are 70 to 90 cm (28 to 35 in) tall at the shoulder. Males are slightly taller than females and have slightly bigger heads with wider incisors and longer mandibles.  

The Southeast African cheetah usually lives on grasslands, savannahs, scrub forests, and arid environments such as deserts and semidesert steppes. These cheetahs can be found in open fields, where they chase and hunt herbivorous mammals such as antelopes at a very high speed. In South Africa, the cheetah also prefers woodlands (in Kruger National Park), shrublands, high mountains, mountainous grasslands, and montane areas where favorable prey are mostly available.

The Southeast African cheetah is currently the most common subspecies and was widespread everywhere in southern to central Africa, ranging from South Africa to the southern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Katanga Province) and southern Tanzania. Its range is now greatly reduced, where it occurs in an area of 1,223,388 km2 (472,353 sq mi), 22% of its original range.

26-2-2026 WATERFRONT CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA - COMMON CAPE WAGTAIL (Motacilla capensis ssp capensis)

The Cape Wagtail (Motacilla capensis) is a common, 18–20 cm long, grey-brown bird found in southern and eastern Africa, easily recognized by its constant tail-wagging behavior. They are highly adaptable and territorial, often found near water, in gardens, or on lawns, feeding on insects, small fish, and household scraps.

Key Facts About the Cape WagtailIdentification: Grey-brown upperparts, off-white underparts, and a dark grey collar on the chest. They have white outer tail feathers visible in flight.

Behavior: They are mostly sedentary (non-migrant) and live in pairs or small groups. They are known for walking on the ground, frantically wagging their tails, and frequently bathing in water.

Diet: Primarily insectivorous, eating flies, ants, beetles, and termites. They are opportunistic feeders and will eat bread, cheese, and raw meat scraps.

Habitat: Extremely adaptable, favoring open areas near water (rivers, lakes, coastlines) but thriving in city parks, gardens, and farmland.

Breeding: They are monogamous pairs that build cup-shaped nests of grass and twigs, often in trees, on ledges, or on the ground.

Voice: A high-pitched, ringing "tseee-chee-chee" call and a complex, twittering song.

Range: Found from Kenya and Uganda down to South Africa, particularly common in the Western Cape.

Interesting NotesTail Wagging: Reasons for their namesake behavior include flushing out insects, communicating with other wagtails, or displaying alertness to predators.

Range Expansion: Often seen in coastal areas and have adapted well to human environments.

Threats: Known predators include cats, rats, and the rufous-breasted sparrowhawk.

26-2-2026 WATERFRONT CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA - COMMON TERN (Sterna hirundo)

The common tern (Sterna hirundo) is a seabird in the family Laridae. This bird has a circumpolar distribution, its four subspecies breeding in temperate and subarctic regions of Europe, Asia and North America. It is strongly migratory, wintering in coastal tropical and subtropical regions. Breeding adults have light grey upperparts, white to very light grey underparts, a black cap, orange-red legs, and a narrow pointed bill. Depending on the subspecies, the bill may be mostly red with a black tip or all black. There are several similar species, including the partly sympatric Arctic tern, which can be separated on plumage details, leg and bill colour, or vocalisations.

Breeding in a wider range of habitats than any of its relatives, the common tern nests on any flat, poorly vegetated surface close to water, including beaches and islands, and it readily adapts to artificial substrates such as floating rafts. The nest may be a bare scrape in sand or gravel, but it is often lined or edged with whatever debris is available. Up to three eggs may be laid, their dull colours and blotchy patterns providing camouflage on the open beach. Incubation is by both sexes, and the eggs hatch in around 21–22 days, longer if the colony is disturbed by predators. The downy chicks fledge in 22–28 days. Like most terns, this species feeds by plunge-diving for fish, either in the sea or in freshwater, but molluscs, crustaceans and other invertebrate prey may form a significant part of the diet in some areas. 

Eggs and young are vulnerable to predation by mammals such as rats and American mink, and large birds including gulls, owls and herons. Common terns may be infected by lice, parasitic worms, and mites, although blood parasites appear to be rare. Its large population and huge breeding range mean that this species is classed as being of least concern, although numbers in North America have declined sharply in recent decades. Despite international legislation protecting the common tern, in some areas, populations are threatened by habitat loss, pollution, or the disturbance of breeding colonies.

26-2-2026 WATERFRONT CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA - SOUTH AFRICAN WATER THICK NEE (Barhinus Vermiculatus ssp. vermiculatus)

The water thick-knee or water dikkop (Burhinus vermiculatus) is a species of bird in the thick-knee family Burhinidae. The species is found across sub-Saharan Africa, usually close to water.

The water thick-knee has a widespread distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, being found in Angola, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eswatini, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Across its range it is found on the edges of lakes, estuaries and rivers, as well as mangroves and also some sheltered beaches. It also needs bushes or nearby woodlands for shelter. It is found from sea-level to 1,800 m (5,900 ft).

There are two accepted subspecies:

Burhinus vermiculatus vermiculatus — Democratic Republic of Congo to Somalia and South Africa

Burhinus vermiculatus buettikoferi (Reichenow, 1898)[3] — Liberia to Gabon

The water thick-knee is 38 to 41 cm (15–16 in) and weighs 293–320 g (10.3–11.3 oz). It has a heavy bill that is black with some pale yellow from the nostril to the base. The wings are broad and blunt and the tail is short. Its legs are pale greenish yellow, and the iris colour greenish yellow with black tracing.

The water thick-knee is a terrestrial feeder that forages at night. Although it is typically associated with water it can be found foraging up to 1 km (0.62 mi) from water. It feeds on insects, crustaceans and mollusks.

The water thick-knee generally breeds in the dry season or early rainy season. It is a monogamous breeder with both parents guarding the nest and brooding the eggs. The nest is a simple scrape in sandy or stony ground, usually close to water. The clutch size is two sandy-yellow eggs. Both sexes incubate the eggs for 22-25 days, and both are responsible for feeding the young. Unique among birds, thick-knee pairs frequently nest adjacent to and sometimes directly on top of Nile crocodile nests. The two species share a form of symbiotic mutualism with the more energetic and vocal thick-knee functioning as loud sentries for the nests as the more powerful crocodile provides protection. Should a nest raider approach, the thick-knee pair will spread their wings in a threat display and harass and peck at the intruders to drive it off. If the pair not be successful, the mother crocodile will be drawn in by their continued calls and arrive.

26-2-2026 WATERFRONT CAPE TOWN, SA - CROWNED CORMORANT (Microcarbo coronatus)

The crowned cormorant (Microcarbo coronatus) or kuifkopduiker, 'Fringe-head diver', is a small cormorant that is endemic to the waters of the cold Benguela Current of southern Africa. It is an exclusively coastal species and is not found more than 10 km (6 mi) away from land. This species is related to the reed cormorant, and was formerly considered to the same species.

It is found from Cape Agulhas north to Swakopmund along the coast of southern Africa.

The population appears to be between 2500 and 2900 breeding pairs. It breeds in small groups, with fewer than 150 individuals per colony being typical. Ringing recoveries show that juveniles may disperse up to 277 km from their nests, and adults move between breeding sites over 500 km apart.

The crowned cormorant is 50–55 cm in length. Adults are black with a small crest on the head and a red face patch. Young birds are dark brown above, paler brown below, and lack the crest. They can be distinguished from immature reed cormorants by their darker underparts and shorter tail.

Crowned cormorants feed on slow-moving fish and invertebrates, which they forage for in shallow coastal waters and among kelp beds.

26-2-2026 WATERFRONT CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA - KELP GULL (Larus dominicanus)

The Kelp Gull, known scientifically as Larus dominicanus, is a robust seabird with a commanding presence along the coasts and islands of the Southern Hemisphere. This species exhibits a striking contrast between its black upper parts and wings, and the pure white of its head, underparts, and tail. The wingtips are adorned with small white "mirrors," adding a touch of elegance to its flight. Adult Kelp Gulls have a yellow bill marked with a red spot and legs of a greenish-yellow hue, which become more vivid during the breeding season.

To identify the Kelp Gull, look for its size, which is intermediate between the lesser and great black-backed gulls of the northern Atlantic. Adults typically measure 54 to 65 cm in length, with a wingspan of 128 to 142 cm. The bill and tarsus measurements are also distinctive, with the bill ranging from 4.4 to 5.9 cm and the tarsus from 5.3 to 7.5 cm. Juveniles can be recognized by their black bill, grey-brown plumage with whitish edges, and a dark band in the tail. They mature over three to four years, gradually acquiring the adult's pale bill base and predominantly white head and underparts.

26-2-2026 WATERFRONT CAPE TOWN, SA - WHITE BELLIED BARN SWALLOW (Hirundo rustica ssp. rustica)

The White-bellied Barn Swallow is typically the juvenile form or specific subspecies (like the nominate H. r. rustica) of the common Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica), characterized by its distinctive pale or creamy-white underparts.

Appearance & IdentificationDistinctive Tail: They possess a long, deeply forked "swallow-tail" with elongated outer streamers. In flight, a row of white spots is visible across the upper tail.

Coloration: Adults have glistening cobalt or steel-blue upperparts, a rufous (reddish-brown) forehead and throat, and a dark blue breast band.

White Underparts: While some subspecies have cinnamon bellies, the "white-bellied" look is common in European populations and juveniles, which are generally paler and browner than adults.

Size: They are roughly sparrow-sized, weighing between 16–22 grams with a wingspan of about 32–35 cm.

Behavior & HabitatAerial Experts: They feed almost exclusively on the wing, catching insects like flies, beetles, and wasps in mid-air. They even drink and bathe while flying by skimming the surface of the water.

Man-Made Neighbors: Originally cave-dwellers, nearly 99% of Barn Swallows now nest on human-made structures like barns, bridges, and under eaves.

Nest Construction: Both parents build a cup-shaped nest using mud pellets mixed with grass, lining it with feathers for comfort.

Global Travelers: They are long-distance migrants, with some individuals traveling over 11,000 km between breeding grounds in the north and wintering sites in the south (e.g., from Europe to South Africa)

Fascinating FactsInsect Command: A single bird can consume hundreds—potentially up to 850—insects a day, providing natural pest control

Extreme Rarity: "True" white swallows (leucistic or albino) are exceptionally rare, occurring in only about one in every several million birds.

National Symbols: The Barn Swallow is the national bird of both Austria and Estonia.

Longevity: Most survive less than four years in the wild, but the oldest recorded individuals have lived past 11 years.

Protective Allies: In North America, they often nest near Ospreys. The swallows get protection from predators, while their alarm calls warn the Ospreys of intruders.

25-2-2026 RHULANI LODGE, MADIKWE SOUTH AFRICA - BROWN LEAF MANTID (Dystacta alticeps)

Dystacta alticeps is a species of praying mantis widely distributed across the African continent. It was first described in 1853 and, until recently, was considered the only species in its genus.

Key CharacteristicsScientific Name: Dystacta alticeps (originally described as Mantis alticeps).

Geographic Distribution: Found throughout Africa, specifically in countries like Angola, Botswana, Congo, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe.

Habitat: Primarily resides in terrestrial environments such as savanna bushveld.

Dietary Lifestyle: It is a carnivore, functioning as an active predator in its ecosystem.

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, South africa - SOUTHERN KORI BUSTARD (Ardeotis kori ssp. kori)

The kori bustard (Ardeotis kori) is the largest flying bird native to Africa. It is a member of the bustard family, which all belong to the order Otidiformes and are restricted in distribution to the Old World. It is one of the four species (ranging from Africa to India to Australia) in the large-bodied genus Ardeotis. The male kori bustard may be the heaviest living animal capable of flight.

This species, like most bustards, is a ground-dwelling bird and an opportunistic omnivore. Male kori bustards, which can be more than twice as heavy as the female, attempt to breed with as many females as possible and take no part in the raising of the young. The nest is a shallow hollow in the earth, often disguised by nearby obstructive objects such as trees.

Kori bustards spend most of their time on the ground, with up to 70% of their time being on foot, although they do occasionally forage in low bushes and trees. This bustard is a watchful and wary bird. Their behavior varies however, and they are usually very shy, running or crouching at the first sign of danger; at other times they can be completely fearless of humans. They have a hesitant, slow manner of walking, and when they detect an intruder they try to escape detection by moving off quietly with the head held at an unusual angle of between 45° and 60°. Being a large and heavy bird, it avoids flying if possible. When alarmed it will first run and, if pushed further, will take to the air on the run with much effort, its wings making heavy wingbeats.

Once airborne it flies more easily with slow, measured wingbeats, with the neck extended and the legs folded. It usually remains low and lands again within sight. When they land, kori bustards keep their wings spread and only fold them when the bird has slowed down to a walking speed. Kori bustards have no preen gland, so to keep clean, they produce a powder down. Sunbathing and dust bathing are practiced. Mostly residential, kori bustards may engage in nomadic movements.

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - FLATPLATE MILLIPEDE (Family Spirostreptidae)

Spirostreptidae is a family of large, round-backed millipedes within the order Spirostreptida, often referred to as giant millipedes, containing around 100 genera distributed across Africa, Madagascar, the Americas, and the Seychelles.

Key Facts About the Family (Spirostreptidae) & Genus (Spirostreptus):Classification: They are part of the class Diplopoda and order Spirostreptida. The genus Spirostreptus Brandt, 1833, is a key group within this family.

Size and Structure: These are among the largest millipedes in the world, with some species, such as the Giant African Millipede, reaching lengths of up to \(38.5 \text{ cm}\) (\(15.2 \text{ in}\)) and \(67 \text{ mm}\) (\(2.6 \text{ in}\)) in circumference.

Leg Count: Despite being called "thousand-leggers," members like the giant African millipede typically have between 300 and 400 legs (roughly 256 or more depending on species and molting). 

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - COWPEN DAISY (Verbesina encelioides)

Verbesina encelioides is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. Common names include golden crownbeard, cowpen daisy, gold weed, wild sunflower, butter daisy, crown-beard, American dogweed, and the Spanish Añil del Muerto ("indigo of the dead").

It is a summer annual with blooms resembling small sunflowers and distinctive flattened seeds. It is native to North America, growing in disturbed habitats.

The plant grows up to 1.5 metres (5 ft) tall. The leaves are up to 10 centimetres (4 in) long, with toothed edges. Blooming from June to September, the yellow flower head is up to 5 cm (2 in) wide.

The species is native to the Southwest United States and Northern Mexico. It is naturalized in parts of Eastern North America, the Middle East, Spain, Argentina, Australia and the Pacific islands.

The species responds strongly to disturbances on suitable sites. Like sunflowers, it produces allelopathic chemicals that slow the growth of other susceptible plant species. Research has identified an allelopathic effect on radishes which may explain its ability to dominate other species in some locations.

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - SCALY WEAVER (Sporopipes squamifrons)

 The Scaly-feathered Weaver, scientifically known as Sporopipes squamifrons, presents itself as a charming bird with a distinctive appearance attributed to its namesake scaly feathers. This species, also colloquially referred to as the Scaly-feathered Finch, is a member of the Ploceidae family.

The Scaly-feathered Weaver (Sporopipes squamifrons) is a small, social weaver bird from southern Africa, common in dry woodlands and savannas, known for its pale brown/grey plumage with distinctive black and white markings, feeding on seeds and termites, and roosting communally in ball-shaped nests. 

Upon observation, one may note the unique pattern of the bird's plumage, which resembles scales, giving it a rather reptilian aspect amidst the avian world. The adult bird can be seen attending to its spherical grass nest, a testament to its industrious nature.

The Scaly-feathered Weaver thrives in the savannas and dry bushland, where it can find the materials it needs for its intricate nest-building.

This species graces the African continent with its presence, specifically found across Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

The Scaly-feathered Weaver is known for its sociable demeanor, often seen in flocks, and its remarkable nest-building skills.

Bird enthusiasts can breathe a sigh of relief knowing that the Scaly-feathered Weaver is currently classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, indicating a stable population in the wild.

Appearance: Primarily pale brown/gray with black forehead/crown featuring white arrow-shaped tips, black lores/chin, white throat, and black malar streaks; bright pink bill.

Diet: Seeds (especially grass, millet, sorghum) and termites (caught on ground/air).

Habitat: Arid/semi-arid regions of southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa).

Behavior: Forages on the ground, hops briskly, drinks water regularly when available, roosts communally in grass nests.

Nests: Ball-shaped, made of grass, sometimes clustered; spout entrance. 

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SA - DANCING AMBER BUTTERFLY (Telchinia serena)

Acraea serena, the dancing acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found throughout Africa south of the Sahara. It is the most common of the Acraea, from Dakar to Fort-Dauphin and from Yemen to the Cape.

This is the type species of the old genus Telchinia, which may warrant re-separation from Acraea. Formerly, A. serena was often misidentified as Acraea eponina (small orange acraea) or Acraea terpsicore (tawny coaster).

It is very likely that the butterfly's black-spotted orange markings are a sign of unpalatability and it may well form part of a mimicry ring with Erikssonia edgei.

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SOUTH AFRICA - LESSER GREY SHRIKE (Lanius minor)

The lesser grey shrike (Lanius minor) is a member of the shrike family Laniidae. It breeds in South and Central Europe and western Asia in the summer and migrates to winter quarters in southern Africa in the early autumn, returning in spring. It is a scarce vagrant to western Europe, including Great Britain, usually as a spring or autumn erratic.

It is similar in appearance to the great grey shrike (Lanius excubitor) and the Iberian grey shrike (Lanius meridionalis); both sexes are predominantly black, white and grey, and males have pink-flushed underparts. It is slightly smaller than the great grey shrike, and has a black forehead and relatively longer wings. This species prefers dry open lowlands and is often seen on telephone wires.

This medium-sized passerine eats large insects, especially beetles, butterflies, moths and grasshoppers. Lesser grey shrikes frequently hover when hunting on their breeding grounds, but do not do so while moulting on non-breeding grounds. Like other shrikes, it hunts from prominent perches and sometimes impales corpses on thorns or barbed wire as a "larder".

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SA - LILAC BREASTED ROLLER (Coracias caudatus)

The lilac-breasted roller (Coracias caudatus) is an African bird of the roller family, Coraciidae. It is widely distributed in Southern and Eastern Africa, and is a vagrant to the southern Arabian Peninsula. It prefers open woodland and savanna, and it is for the most part absent from treeless places. Usually found alone or in pairs, it perches at the tops of trees, poles or other high vantage points from where it can spot insects, amphibians and small birds moving about on the ground. Nesting takes place in a natural hole in a tree where a clutch of 2–4 eggs are laid, and incubated by both parents, who are extremely aggressive in defence of their nest, taking on raptors and other birds. During the breeding season the male will rise to a fair height (69 to 144 metres), descending in swoops and dives, while uttering harsh, discordant cries. The sexes do not differ in coloration, and juveniles lack the long tail streamers of adults. This species is unofficially considered the national bird of Kenya. Alternative names for the lilac-breasted roller include the fork-tailed roller, lilac-throated roller (also used for a subspecies of purple roller), Mosilikatze's roller, and troupand.

Lilac-breasted rollers are found throughout eastern and southern Africa, and occurs locally at sea level, and up to 2,000 metres above sea level or over. Their range extends from the Red Sea coast of Eritrea through East Africa (including Zanzibar) to southern Africa, where they occur commonly in Namibia (excluding the Namib Desert), Botswana, Zimbabwe, and northeastern South Africa. The nominate subspecies C. c. caudatus is non-migratory, but a measure of post-breeding dispersal occurs into miombo woodland or sandy areas, before they return to the breeding areas at the start of the rains. Its counterpart, the lilac-throated roller (C. c. lorti) migrates from northeast Kenya to northwest Somalia to breed from late April to mid-September. The latter subspecies is also a vagrant to Eritrea, Oman and Yemen. Lilac-breasted rollers are most abundant in Kenya, though the species is less abundant than in former times.

Both subspecies live in open savannah habitats with scattered trees and shrubs, as the birds require higher perches for feeding and nesting. Less often they frequent riverine vegetation and light forest, and may enter subdesert steppe or open grassland where any elevated perches may be used. In protected areas, lilac-breasted rollers are among the bird species that frequent the verges of roads, especially during fires, when the small animals and insects that emerge from cover are easily predated. However, lilac-breasted rollers avoid other human-influenced areas and are not found in urban or rural areas unless they are abandoned. Outside of protected areas such as national parks, lilac-breasted rollers may infrequently be seen when farmers burn land for agricultural use. Such brush fires stir up insects and other invertebrates, and birds can be seen swooping in for easy prey.

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SA - SOUTHERN WHITE RHINOCEROS (Ceratotherium simum ssp simum)

The southern white rhinoceros or southern white rhino (Ceratotherium simum simum) is one of the two subspecies of the white rhinoceros (the other being the much rarer northern white rhinoceros). It is the most common and widespread subspecies of rhinoceros.

The southern white rhinoceros is the nominate subspecies; it was given the scientific name Ceratotherium simum simum by the English explorer William John Burchell in the 1810s. The subspecies is also known as Burchell's rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum burchellii) after Burchell and Oswell's rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum oswellii) after William Cotton Oswell, respectively. However, these are considered synonyms of its original scientific name.

Ceratotherium simum kiaboaba (or Rhinoceros kiaboaba), also known as straight-horned rhinoceros, was proposed as a different subspecies (or species) found near Lake Ngami and north of the Kalahari Desert. However, it is now considered part of the southern white rhinoceros and ranges throughout southern Africa.

Following the phylogenetic species concept, research in 2010 suggested the southern and northern white rhinoceros may be different species, rather than subspecies, in which case the correct scientific name for the northern subspecies is Ceratotherium cottoni and the southern subspecies should be known as simply Ceratotherium simum. Distinct morphological and genetic differences suggest the two proposed species have been separated for at least a million years.

The southern white rhinoceros is one of largest and heaviest land animals in the world. It has an immense body and large head, a short neck and broad chest. Females weigh around 1,600–1,700 kg (3,530–3,750 lb) and males around 2,000–2,300 kg (4,410–5,070 lb), with specimens of up to 3,600 kilograms (7,940 lb) considered reliable, and larger sizes up to 4,500 kg (9,920 lb) claimed but not verified. The head-and-body length is 3.35–4 m (11.0–13.1 ft) and a shoulder height of 160–186 cm (5.25–6.10 ft). It has two horns on its snout. The front horn is larger than the other horn and averages 60 cm (24 in) in length and can reach 166 cm (65 in) in females. Females usually have longer but thinner horns than the males, who have larger but shorter ones. The southern white rhinoceros also has a prominent muscular hump that supports its large head. The colour of this animal can range from yellowish brown to slate grey. Most of its body hair is found on the ear fringes and tail bristles, with the rest distributed sparsely over the rest of the body. The southern white rhino has a distinctive flat, broad mouth that is used for grazing. Southern white rhinos are strictly herbivores (graminivores) that feed on short grasses.

Their Lifespan is up to 50 years in the wild.

Little is known about southern white rhinoceros' mating habits, but females reproduce every 2–3 years. They give birth to a single calf, after a gestation period that lasts around 16 months. Males are never directly involved in the raising of calves; in rare instances, certain rogue individuals may even kill calves that they perceive as future competition, both for resources and bloodline dominance. Newborn calves weigh about 45 kg (100 pounds) at birth. Young usually become independent in 2–3 years.

The southern white rhino lives in the grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands of southern Africa, ranging from South Africa to Zambia. About 98.5% of southern white rhino live in just five countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya and Uganda.

25-2-2026 MADIKWE GAME RESERVE, SA - COMMON GARDEN ORB WEB SPIDER (Argiope australis)

Argiope australis, the common garden orb web spider, is an orb-web spider (family Araneidae) found in eastern sub-Saharan Africa.

Argiope australis is found throughout eastern sub-Saharan Africa, with records from Cape Verde, Senegal, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa.

It is found as far west as the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia and in some areas of South Asia in Sindh, Pakistan.

Argiope australis is widespread throughout Africa. In South Africa, the species is known from all nine provinces at elevations ranging from 7 to 2,066 m above sea level.

The species constructs orb webs in open grassland areas and gardens. The webs are usually placed low in shrubby vegetation sturdy enough to bear their weight. The spider hangs at the hub head-down throughout the day, with webs frequently decorated with a stabilimentum. The species has been sampled from all floral biomes and was also collected from crops such as avocado, peach and pistachio orchards, pine plantations and pumpkin fields.

After rain in the Free State at Clocolan, an "Argiope city" was discovered where 50-60 spider webs were present in bushes, likely attracted by high numbers of grasshoppers. Most webs were large, at least 500 mm in diameter, some with stabilimenta and others without.

1-4-2026 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - GROUND BEETLE (Calosoma maderae)

Calosoma maderae is a species of ground beetle (Carabidae) known as a "caterpillar hunter," with adults typically measuring 25 to 35 mm (0.98–1.38 in) in length. Described in 1775, this predator has a wide distribution, appearing in North Africa, parts of Asia, and Europe (including Spain and Greece).

Key Facts About Calosoma maderae:Appearance: The upper body ranges from black to dark bronze, featuring a triploid elytral sculpture (patterned wing covers).

Habitat: Often found in dry, sandy, or agricultural areas.Diet: A predatory beetle that feeds on caterpillars and pupae, acting as a natural control agent for pest populations.

Behavior: They are mobile, terrestrial insects that can fly and are sometimes active at night,, attracted to light.Subspecies: Includes subspecies such as C. m. maderae, C. m. dzungaricum, and C. m. indicum.

Defense: Possesses pygidial glands that release strong-smelling secretions for defense.

Distribution: Found in Algeria, Canary Islands, Morocco, Tunisia, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Kashmir, Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Madeira, Russia, and Spain.