21-3-2017 HOTEL BOUGANVILLEA, COSTA RICA - WHITE WINGED DOVE (Zenaida asiatica)

The White-winged Dove (Zenaida asiatica) is a robust bird, notable for its size among doves, measuring approximately 29 cm from beak to tail with a wingspan ranging from 48 to 58 cm. Its plumage is primarily brownish-gray to gray, with a striking white edge on its wings, visible even when perched. The species is adorned with a blue eyering and possesses red eyes, though juveniles display brown eyes and a duller plumage.

To identify the White-winged Dove, look for the distinctive white wing patch, visible at rest and in flight, which sets it apart from similar species. Adults feature a blue, featherless skin around the eyes and a dark facial mark. Males may exhibit a more iridescent purple hue on the crown, neck, and nape, and a more pronounced ear spot, though these differences are subtle. The species has a short, rounded tail, contrasting with the long, pointed tail of the Mourning Dove.

The White-winged Dove is found in a variety of environments, including deserts, scrubs, urban areas, and agricultural landscapes. It has adapted well to human-altered habitats and can be seen in high concentrations near sources of water and food.

Native to the Southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean, the White-winged Dove's range has expanded due to human agricultural practices. It is now a year-round resident in places like Texas and has been observed as far north as Canada and Alaska.

This species can form migratory flocks of up to 4,000 individuals, though it is also known to overwinter in certain areas. It has a remarkable ability to fly considerable distances in search of water, but can also rely solely on the moisture found in saguaro cactus fruit.

The White-winged Dove's call is reminiscent of the phrase "who cooks for you," and it also produces a series of "pep pair pooa" calls. Males use a dedicated perch for cooing, primarily during the breeding season. Nonvocal sounds include a wing whistle upon take-off and heavy wing beats.

Breeding behavior includes males displaying with spread wings and fanned tails. The species constructs flimsy stick nests in trees and lays two cream-colored to white eggs. Nestlings can fledge as early as 2-3 months old, and families often remain together for life.

The Mourning Dove is similar in appearance but can be distinguished by its longer, pointed tail and lack of white wing edges. The White-tipped Dove and Eurasian Collared Dove also lack the white wing edging and have different coloration and markings.

Primarily granivorous, the White-winged Dove feeds on seeds, grains, and fruits. It has a particular affinity for the pollen, nectar, and fruit of the saguaro cactus. In agricultural settings, it can become a pest, descending on grain crops in large numbers.

Despite historical population declines due to habitat loss, hunting, and other human impacts, the White-winged Dove has shown remarkable adaptability to human environments. It is currently classified as a species of least concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).

21-3-2017 HOTEL BOUGANVILLEA, COSTA RICA - VARIEGATED SQUIRREL (Sciurus variegatoides)

The variegated squirrel (Sciurus variegatoides ) is a tree squirrel in the genus Sciurus found in Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, southern Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. Fifteen subspecies are recognised. It is a common squirrel and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated it a "least-concern species". Variegated squirrels kept as pets in Germany have been implicated in the transmission of a bornavirus to humans from which three people have died.

Variegated squirrels are medium-sized tree squirrels. The are several subspecies recognised which differ in appearance. There is even often a considerable variation between the appearances of individuals in the same population. The dorsal colouration varies between dark brown to yellowish grey. The neck tends to be darker than other parts and there is often a paler patch behind the ears. The underparts are usually some shade of cinnamon. The tail is long and densely bushy; in Mexico it is black, sometimes with white tips to the hairs giving it a frosted appearance. In Nicaragua and Costa Rica, some individuals have pale underparts and tails.

Variegated squirrels are native to Central America. Their range extends from Mexico southwards through Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Panama. Habitats in which these squirrels occur include both dry deciduous forest and evergreen forest, secondary growth, and plantations.

Variegated squirrels are solitary and diurnal animals. They seldom descend to the ground and spend the night in a nest. Sometimes they build nests in a hole in a tree but more often construct them of leaves and build in the fork of a branch close to the trunk. These squirrels don't hibernate and spend most of their time in the trees. They are very agile and leap from one branch to another with ease. When threatened Variegated squirrels make chucking sounds and sometimes produce harsh chatter.

Little information is known about the mating habits in Variegated squirrels. The breeding season occurs in April-May. Females build nests high up in the trees where they give birth to 2-8 kittens. The gestation period lasts around 33-46 days. Young are born blind and naked. Fur starts growing after 2 weeks and in 30-32 days kittens open their eyes. Young stay in the nest within 6 weeks and become weaned at 10 weeks after birth. They are independent after 15 weeks and reach reproductive maturity between 12 and 15 weeks of age.

There are no major threats to Variegated squirrels at present.

According to IUCN, the Variegated squirrel is locally common and widespread throughout its range but no overall population estimate is available. Currently, this species is classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List and its numbers today are stable.

21-3-2017 HOTEL BOUGANVILLEA, COSTA RICA - INCA DOVE (Columbina inca)

The Inca dove, also known as the Mexican dove, is a small and slender New World dove with a length ranging from 16.5 to 23 cm and a weight between 30 to 58 grams. Its gray-brown plumage is adorned with a unique scaled pattern, and it possesses a long, square tail with white-edged feathers that may become more prominent during flight. Notably, the underwings exhibit a reddish hue, characteristic of ground doves.

When observing the Inca dove, look for its scaled feather pattern and the white edges on its square tail. In flight, the reddish underwings are a distinguishing feature. Additionally, listen for the soft rattling noise produced by its wings upon takeoff.

The Inca dove is a terrestrial bird that forms flocks in deserts, scrublands, cultivated areas, and even urban environments. It is well-adapted to living in close proximity to human settlements, where it often takes advantage of readily available water sources.

This species is found from Costa Rica in the south to the American Southwest in the north. Its range has been expanding in recent decades, although it is not native to the historical lands of the Inca Empire. In the United States, the Inca dove has been observed in Florida, although it is unclear if a self-sustaining population exists there.

Inca doves exhibit communal roosting behavior during winter, forming pyramid-shaped huddles that can include more than ten birds to conserve body heat. They are also known to form large flocks outside their territories, sometimes numbering up to 100 individuals.

The Inca dove's song is a forceful cooing that can be interpreted as "cowl-coo," "POO-pup," or "NO-hope." This vocalization is typically delivered from an elevated perch such as a tree, wire, or even a television aerial.

Nesting primarily occurs in trees and shrubs, with nests averaging about 5 centimeters in diameter. Both male and female doves contribute to nest building, using twigs, grass, weed stalks, and leaves. The nests are often reused and become more solidified with the excrement of the brood.

Inca doves primarily feed on grass seeds. Their presence in urban and agricultural areas suggests they may also consume other seeds and take advantage of water from irrigation systems.

The Inca dove is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List, indicating that it is not at immediate risk of population decline or extinction.

21-3-2017 HOTEL BOUGANVILLEA, COSTA RICA - HOFFMANN'S WOODPECKER (Melanerpes hoffmannii)

The Hoffmann's woodpecker, a striking avian species, is a medium-sized woodpecker measuring 18 to 21 cm in length and weighing between 62 to 84 grams. It exhibits sexual dimorphism in its head pattern. The male is adorned with a bright red crown and a yellow or orange nape, while the female sports a more subdued white crown and a pale yellow nape. Both sexes share a drab yellowish-gray face and throat, with a back and upper rump barred in black and white. The lower rump and uppertail coverts are a pristine white, and their flight feathers are black with white bars and spots. The tail is predominantly black with white accents. The underparts are a mix of dull grayish to yellowish white, with a central belly of bright yellow and flanks of dull yellowish white barred with black. Their bill is a stark black, eyes a hazel hue, and legs range from bluish gray to gray.

When identifying Hoffmann's woodpecker, look for the distinctive head patterns that differ between males and females. The male's bright red crown and yellow or orange nape contrast with the female's white crown and pale yellow nape. The barred pattern on the back and the unbarred white lower rump are also key features. The bird's size and the black and white barring on the wings during flight are additional identification markers.

This woodpecker favors dry and deciduous forests, as well as more open landscapes such as shade coffee plantations, urban parks, and residential gardens.

Hoffmann's woodpecker is native to Central America, with its range extending from southwestern Honduras through Nicaragua on the Pacific slope to central Costa Rica. There is also a single recorded sighting in El Salvador.

A year-round resident, Hoffmann's woodpecker is known to forage from the forest understory to the canopy and has been observed feeding on the ground. It is a territorial bird, especially during the breeding season, when it aggressively defends its nesting site.

The most common vocalization is a "churrr" sound made by both sexes. Other calls include a "querulous, grating, woick-a woick-a woick-a" or "wicka wicka wicka." The species is also known to drum on dead wood and occasionally on metal structures.

The breeding season spans from January to July, with the possibility of two broods being raised. Nest cavities are excavated by both sexes in soft dead wood, living palms, or fence posts, usually 1 to 6 meters above ground. The clutch typically consists of two or three eggs, with both parents sharing incubation duties and provisioning for the nestlings. The exact incubation period and time to fledging remain unknown.

Hoffmann's woodpecker's diet primarily consists of arthropods, which it extracts from decaying wood. It also consumes a variety of fruits and nectar from large flowers, and occasionally preys on the eggs of other birds.

The IUCN has classified Hoffmann's woodpecker as Least Concern. With an estimated population of at least 50,000 mature individuals, the species is believed to be increasing in number. Although deforestation has expanded its distribution, the elimination of dead trees poses a threat by reducing available nesting substrates.

21-3-2017 HOTEL BOUGANVILLEA, COSTA RICA - GREAT TAILED GRACKLE (Quiscalus mexicanus)

The great-tailed grackle or Mexican grackle (Quiscalus mexicanus ) is a medium-sized, highly social passerine bird native to North and South America. A member of the family Icteridae, it is one of 10 extant species of grackle and is closely related to the boat-tailed grackle and the extinct slender-billed grackle. In the southern United States, it is sometimes simply referred to as "blackbird" or (erroneously) "crow" due to its glossy black plumage, and similarly it is often called cuervo ("raven") in some parts of Mexico, although it is not a member of the crow genus Corvus, nor even of the family Corvidae.

The Great-tailed grackle is a highly social bird from North and South America. Males are iridescent black with a purple-blue sheen on the feathers of the head and upper body, while females are brown with darker wings and tails. Adults of both sexes have bright yellow eyes, while juveniles of both sexes have brown eyes and brown plumage like females (except for streaks on the breast). Great-tailed grackles, particularly adult males, have a keel-shaped tail that they can fold vertically by aligning the two halves.

Great-tailed grackles occur from northwestern Venezuela and western Colombia and Ecuador in the south to Minnesota in the north, to Oregon, Idaho, and California in the west, to Florida in the east, with vagrants occurring as far north as southern Canada. They don’t migrate and are typically found in clear areas such as pastures, wetlands, mangroves, and chaparral. The grackles' range has also expanded with agricultural and urban settings.

Great-tailed grackles are active during the day and roost communally in trees or the reeds of wetlands at night. Their days are usually spent feeding in small groups in fields or urban parks. When Great-tailed grackles return to their roosting sites at dusk, they communicate with each other before taking preferred position. Great-tailed grackles have an unusually large repertoire of vocalizations that are used year-round. The sounds range from "sweet, tinkling notes" to a "rusty gate hinge". Males use a wider variety of vocalization types, while females use mostly in "chatter", however, it is suggested that they may perform the "territorial song".

Great-tailed grackles are omnivores and are noted for their diverse foraging habits. They extract larvae and insects from grassy areas and eat lizards, nestlings, and eggs. They also eat fruits (e.g., bananas, berries) and grains. They turn over objects to search for food underneath, including crustaceans, and worms, they hunt tadpoles and fish by wading into shallow water, catch fish by flying close to the water's surface, and are even reported to dive a few inches into the water to retrieve a fish. Great-tailed grackles also kill Barn swallows while flying.

21-3-2017 HOTEL BOUGANVILLEA, COSTA RICA - CLAY COLOURED THRUSH (Turdus grayi)

The clay-colored thrush (Turdus grayi ) is a common Middle American bird of the thrush family (Turdidae). It is the national bird of Costa Rica, where it is well known as the yigüirro (Spanish: ). Other common names include clay-colored robin.

It ranges from South Texas (where it is rapidly expanding its range) to northern Colombia. West and north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, it is limited to the Atlantic slope, except for a population around Oaxaca City, Mexico that probably originates from escaped cage birds.

The Clay-colored robin is a common Middle American bird of the thrush family. It is brownish in color, somewhat lighter below than above, lightest on the flanks. Birds from humid regions are darker than those from dry regions. The throat is faintly streaked. Immature birds have faint mottling on the back and underparts. The bill is greenish-yellow with a dark base, the legs are pinkish or flesh-colored, and the irises are reddish.

Clay-colored robins range from South Texas to northern Colombia; west and north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Mexico). They inhabit tropical dry forests, rainforests and can often be found in yards and gardens.

Clay-colored robins are diurnal birds that are permanently resident in warm climates of their range. They usually forage on the ground or near it, singly or in pairs, but may also gather in flocks to feed high in fruiting trees. Clay-colored robins move on the ground by hopping, and upon landing, they often flick their tails back and forth. Their song, rather low-pitched and with a slow steady tempo, consists of many slurred musical phrases that are often repeated irregularly. The flight call is like the American robin's but harsher.

Little is known about the mating system and reproductive behavior in Clay-color robins. However, it is suggested that they may exhibit monogamous behavior. This means that one male will form a pair bond only with one female. During the breeding season, males attract females with beautiful songs. Pairs build a heavy cup nest of grass, moss, feathers, leaves, and mud on firm support above the ground, which may include human constructions such as windowsills. The female lays 2 to 4 pale blue eggs with red-brown and gray markings between March and July and may produce two broods per season. Incubation usually lasts for 12 to 14 days and is done by the female.

4-5-2017 CORDOBA, ANDALUCIA - MALLARD (FEMALE) (Anas platyrhynchos)

Male Mallards have a dark, iridescent-green head and bright yellow bill. The gray body is sandwiched between a brown breast and black rear. Females and juveniles are mottled brown with orange-and-brown bills. Both sexes have a white-bordered, blue “speculum” patch in the wing.

Unlike larger waterfowl such as the Tundra Swan, which mate for life, Mallard pairs only stay together for a season. Courtship and pair formation begin each fall and winter. Groups of males display for a hen with a variety of behaviors, including head and tail shaking, head-bobbing, dipping, and whistling.

The female Mallard has between five and 14 light green eggs that she incubates for 30 days.

The ducklings are lead to water as soon as their soft, downy feathers are dry. ...

Most Mallard ducks live for one or two years, but some can live as long as 16 years!

Mallards swim with their tail held above the water.

4-5-2017 CORDOBA, ANDALUCIA - HOUSE SPARROW (FEMALE) (Passer domesticus)

The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of 16 cm (6.3 in) and a mass of 24–39.5 g (0.85–1.39 oz). Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, and males have brighter black, white, and brown markings. One of about 25 species in the genus Passer, the house sparrow is native to most of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin, and a large part of Asia. Its intentional or accidental introductions to many regions, including parts of Australasia, Africa, and the Americas, make it the most widely distributed wild bird.

The house sparrow is strongly associated with human habitation, and can live in urban or rural settings. Though found in widely varied habitats and climates, it typically avoids extensive woodlands, grasslands, polar regions, and hot, dry deserts far away from human development. For sustenance, the house sparrow routinely feeds at home and public bird feeding stations, but naturally feeds on the seeds of grains, flowering plants and weeds. However, it is an opportunistic, omnivorous eater, and commonly catches insects, their larvae, caterpillars, invertebrates and many other natural foods.

Because of its numbers, ubiquity, and association with human settlements, the house sparrow is culturally prominent. It is extensively, and usually unsuccessfully, persecuted as an agricultural pest. It has also often been kept as a pet, as well as being a food item and a symbol of lust, sexual potency, commonness, and vulgarity. Though it is widespread and abundant, its numbers have declined in some areas. The animal's conservation status is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List. 

You can find House Sparrows most places where there are houses (or other buildings), and few places where there aren’t. Along with two other introduced species, the European Starling and the Rock Pigeon, these are some of our most common birds. Their constant presence outside our doors makes them easy to overlook, and their tendency to displace native birds from nest boxes causes some people to resent them. But House Sparrows, with their capacity to live so intimately with us, are just beneficiaries of our own success.

House Sparrows in flocks have a pecking order much the way chickens in a farmyard do. You can begin to decipher the standings by paying attention to the black throats of the males. Males with larger patches of black tend to be older and dominant over males with less black. By wearing this information on their feathers, sparrows can avoid some fights and thereby save energy.

4-5-2017 CORDOBA, ANDALUCIA - EGYPTIAN BIRD GRASSHOPPER (Anacridium aegyptium)

Anacridium aegyptium, the Egyptian grasshopper or Egyptian locust, is a species of insect belonging to the subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae.

Anacridium aegyptium var. rubrispinum Bei-Bienko, 1948 - Anacridium rubrispinum Bei-Bienko, 1948

A fairly common species, the Egyptian grasshopper is present in most of Europe, the Afrotropical realm, eastern Palearctic realm, the Near East, and North Africa, and has recently been observed in Cape Town, South Africa.

These grasshoppers inhabit trees and shrubs, scrub land, maquis, and orchards in warm and bright environments, at an elevation from sea level to 1,500 m.

Anacridium aegyptium is one of the largest European grasshoppers. Adult males grow up to 30–56 mm (1.2–2.2 in) long, while females reach 46–70 mm (1.8–2.8 in) in length. Their bodies are usually gray, brown, or olive-coloured, and their antennae are relatively short and robust. The tibiae of the hind legs are blue, while the femora are orange. The hind femora have characteristic dark marks. They are also easily identified by their characteristic eyes, which have vertical black and white stripes. Their pronota show a dorsal orange stripe and several small white spots. The wings are clear with dark marks.

This species is a folivore, essentially feeding on leaves of various plants. It is a solitary species, harmless to crops. Adults are mainly seen in August and September, but they are active throughout the year. After mating, these grasshoppers overwinter as adults. Spawning occurs in spring just under the soil surface and the nymphs appear in April. These grasshoppers undergo several molts. Nymphs differ from adults in appearance; their color varies from yellow to bright green and ocher and the wings are absent or small, as they are gradually developed after each molt.

4-5-2017 CORDOBA, ANDALUCIA - ROCK PIGEON (Columba livia)

The Rock Dove, commonly known as the Rock Pigeon or simply "pigeon," is a familiar bird that graces our cityscapes with its presence. This bird, with its robust body, rounded head, and stout bill, is a member of the Columbidae family. The wild form of the pigeon, Columba livia, is the progenitor of the domesticated varieties that are well-known to many. The wild Rock Dove sports a pale grey plumage adorned with two striking black bars on each wing, while domestic and feral pigeons exhibit a kaleidoscope of colors and patterns.

Adult Rock Doves typically measure between 29 to 37 cm in length, boasting a wingspan of 62 to 72 cm. They possess a dark bluish-grey head, neck, and chest, with an iridescent sheen that dances in shades of yellow, green, and reddish-purple along their neck and wing feathers. The eyes are often a vivid orange, red, or golden color, surrounded by bluish-grey skin. The bill is a muted grey-black, capped with a noticeable off-white cere, and the feet present in purplish-red hues.

Rock Doves favor open and semi-open environments where they can forage on the ground. In the wild, they roost and breed on cliffs and rock ledges, but have adapted remarkably well to urban environments where buildings mimic their natural nesting sites.

Originally hailing from Southern Europe, North Africa, and Western Asia, Rock Doves have spread to cities worldwide. Their population is abundant, with millions of feral and wild birds established across the globe.

Rock Doves are generally monogamous and exhibit strong parental care, with both parents tending to their young. They are gregarious outside of the breeding season, often forming large flocks. Their flight is characterized by a mix of powerful wingbeats and graceful gliding, with a distinctive V-shaped wing posture.

The Rock Dove's call is a soft, cooing sound that varies slightly depending on the context, such as an alarm call or a nest call. Non-vocal sounds include the loud flapping noise at take-off and the snapping of beaks, particularly by juveniles.

Rock Doves breed throughout the year, peaking in spring and summer. They typically lay two eggs per brood, with both parents sharing incubation duties. The young, called squabs, are fed on "crop milk" produced by both parents.

These birds are omnivorous, with a preference for plant matter such as fruits and grains. They have adapted to urban environments where they often scavenge for human-provided food sources.

The Rock Dove is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, with a stable and widespread population. However, the purity of the wild species' gene pool is threatened by interbreeding with feral pigeons.

25-3-2017 RANCHO NATURALISTA, COSTA RICA - RUBYSPOT (HATAERINA)

Hetaerina is a genus of damselflies in the family Calopterygidae. They are commonly known as rubyspots because of the deep red wing bases of the males. The name is from Ancient Greek: ἑταίρα (hetaira), courtesan. H. rudis, the Guatemalan rubyspot, is considered vulnerable on the IUCN Red Data List.

The Hetaerina genus alone encompasses roughly 40 species in a variety of habitats throughout the Americas. Recent phylogenetic analyses for the Heterininae subfamily suggest that the genera Mneserate and Ormenophlebia are actually nestled within their sister genus, Hetaerina, which would account for the species confusion of early Mnesarete and Hetaerina studies.

Hetaerinae species primarily inhabit streams and rivers, showing highest levels of diversity in the tropical regions of South America. Most species are native to tropical and subtropical regions of South and Central America, with only H. americana, H. titia, and H. vulnerata ranging further north than Mexico. Rubyspots, like all Odonates, are visual predators that prefer sunny environments for prey capture as well as social signaling.

22-3-2017 TROGON LODGE, COSTA RICA - VOLCANO HUMMINGBIRD (Selasphorus flammula)

The volcano hummingbird (Selasphorus flammula ) is a very small hummingbird, native to the Talamancan montane forests of Costa Rica and western Panama.

This tiny endemic bird inhabits open brushy areas, paramo, and edges of elfin forest at altitudes from 1850 m to the highest peaks. It is only 7.5 cm long. The male weighs 2.5 g and the female 2.8 g. The black bill is short and straight.

The adult male volcano hummingbird has bronze-green upperparts and rufous-edged black outer tail feathers. The throat is grey-purple in the Talamanca range, red in the Poas-Barva mountains and pink-purple in the Irazú-Turrialba area, the rest of the underparts being white. The female is similar, but her throat is white with dusky spots. Young birds resemble the female but have buff fringes to the upperpart plumage.

The female volcano hummingbird is entirely responsible for nest building and incubation. She lays two white eggs in her tiny plant-down cup nest 1–5 m high in a scrub or on a root below a south or east facing bank. Incubation takes 15–19 days, and fledging another 20–26.

The food of this species is nectar, taken from a variety of small flowers, including Salvia and Fuchsia, and species normally pollinated by insects. Like other hummingbirds it also takes some small insects as an essential source of protein. In the breeding season male volcano hummingbirds perch conspicuously in open areas with flowers and defend their feeding territories aggressively with diving displays. The call of this rather quiet species is a whistled teeeeuu.

This species is replaced at somewhat lower elevations by its relative, the scintillant hummingbird, Selasphorus scintilla.

The Volcano Hummingbird is restricted to the Highlands Endemism Area of ​​Costa Rica and Panama, where it is common in upland grasslands and open scrubby pastures, usually above 2000 m elevation. This tiny hummingbird is mainly green above, with a bright wine-coloured gorget in the male (replaced by dark spots in the female), a white band on the breast, and greenish (males) or pale rufous (females) elsewhere on the underparts. The tail is slightly forked in both sexes, most noticeably in males. Three subspecies have been named, differing mainly in the colour of the gorget, from purplish-grey to bright green in the southernmost form. In the non-breeding season both sexes may defend territories around certain patches of small flowers.

22-3-2017 TROGON LODGE, COSTA RICA - LESSER VIOLETEAR (Colibri cyanotus)

The lesser violetear (Colibri cyanotus ), also known as the mountain violet-ear, is a medium-sized, metallic green hummingbird species commonly found in forested areas from Costa Rica to northern South America. This species and the Mexican violetear were formerly considered as conspecific and named the 'green violetear'.

The lesser violetear is roughly medium-sized by hummingbird standards. It averages around 9.7 to 12 cm (3.8 to 4.7 in) in total length. Its bill is black and mostly straight with only a slight downward curve and measures from 1.8 to 2.5 cm (0.71 to 0.98 in). The body mass can vary from 4.8 to 5.6 g (0.17 to 0.20 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 5.8 to 6.8 cm (2.3 to 2.7 in) and the tail is 3.5 to 4.3 cm (1.4 to 1.7 in). It is shining green above with a glittering violet ear-patch on the sides of its neck. Its throat and chest are a more glittering green with a shining green belly. The tail is a metallic blue-green with more bronzy central feathers and a prominent black subterminal band.

The lesser violetear breeds from the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama; mountains of northern Venezuela, and the Andes from western Venezuela to western Bolivia.

Common habitats for the lesser violetear are in the canopy and borders of subtropical and lower temperate forest, secondary woodland and scrub, and clearings and gardens in the subtropical zone on both slopes of the Andes. It is recorded mostly between altitudes of 1,200 to 2,300 m (3,900 to 7,500 ft), though they will sometimes wander as far down as 500 m (1,600 ft) in search of food sources. It generally prefers more humid and high-altitude areas, such as cloud forests, than the similar sparkling violetear and is completely absent from the central valley where the sparkling violetear is most prevalent. However, the two species will sometimes be seen in the same areas feeding at flowering Inga trees.

The lesser violetear forages alone but tends to gather at flowering trees, especially coffee-shade Inga. They feed at mid-level to canopy and often hold and defend a feeding territory. They primarily feed on nectar and small insects. The lesser violetear has been recorded as attaining the greatest flying speed ever recorded for a hummingbird, with a pair of birds having attained 90 mph (140 km/h) during a chase, although other species may be able to attain similar speeds.

Like most hummingbirds, the lesser violetear is a solitary nester. The male's only involvement in the breeding process is to attract and mate with the female. The female is then responsible for choosing a nest location, generally on a low, small horizontal branch in a protected area. The nest is small and built from various plant materials, spider webs, and down woven together to form a sturdy cup structure. Two small white eggs are laid within the nest and the female incubates them on her own. Incubation time is 14–18 days. Hatchlings are primarily fed insects due to high nutritional requirements. No information was found on the length of the nestling stage or age at fledgling. Breeding takes place though the wet.

22-3-2017 TROGON LODGE, COSTA RICA - RUBY THROATED HUMMINGBIRD (FEMALE)

The Ruby-throated Hummingbird, Archilochus colubris, is a diminutive jewel, measuring a mere 7 to 9 cm in length with a wingspan stretching from 8 to 11 cm. These birds are a marvel of iridescence; the males boast a fiery ruby red throat patch, or gorget, which can appear black when not caught in the right light. Females, on the other hand, are more demure with white throats and a notched tail featuring a mosaic of green, black, and white.

To identify the Ruby-throated Hummingbird, look for the metallic green upperparts and the grayish white underparts. The male's unmistakable ruby-red gorget is bordered with black, while the female's throat may show faint streaks or spots. Their wings are near-black, and they possess a long, slender bill perfect for sipping nectar.

These birds favor deciduous and pine forests, forest edges, orchards, and gardens. They are adept at making their homes in a variety of environments, as long as there is a rich supply of nectar-bearing flowers.

The Ruby-throated Hummingbird breeds across eastern North America, from Canada down to Florida, and spends winters in Central America, Mexico, and the West Indies. They are known for their impressive migratory journey, which includes a nonstop flight across the Gulf of Mexico.

Solitary by nature, these hummingbirds are fiercely territorial. They do not socialize except during courtship, which is a brief affair, and females are solely responsible for raising the young. They are known for their aggressive defense of feeding territories against other hummingbirds.

The vocal repertoire of the Ruby-throated Hummingbird consists of rapid, squeaky chirps used primarily for threats and territorial defense. During courtship, males produce a distinctive tik-tik sound with their wings.

The female Ruby-throated Hummingbird is a solitary nester, constructing a camouflaged nest out of bud scales, lichen, and spider silk. She lays one to three white eggs and is solely responsible for their care. The young fledge after about three weeks.

While the Ruby-throated Hummingbird is the most common hummingbird in its range, it can be confused with other species. However, the male's ruby-red gorget and the female's banded tail are distinctive features that aid in identification.

These birds primarily feed on nectar, favoring red, orange, and bright pink tubular flowers. They also consume small insects and spiders for protein and other nutrients.

As of 2023, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, with an estimated population of 34-36 million individuals. Despite some fluctuations, the species remains the most populous of North American hummingbirds.

The oldest banded Ruby-throated Hummingbird reached an age of 9 years. Predators include small raptors, domestic cats, and even large insects like praying mantises. Despite these threats, the species continues to thrive across its range.

22-3-2017 TROGON LODGE, COSTA RICA - LARGE FOOTED FINCH (Pezopetes capitalis)

The Large-footed Finch, Pezopetes capitalis, is a robust, terrestrial bird, notable for its impressive stature among its kin. Adults measure around 20 cm in length and weigh approximately 56 grams, making them one of the heaviest in the Passerellidae family. They exhibit a slate grey head, with the throat, forehead, and crown sides transitioning to black. The upper parts are a dark olive, while the wings and tail are black with olive fringes. The underparts are a vivid olive, with a brownish hue on the flanks and lower belly.

When identifying the Large-footed Finch, look for its slender bill, modestly sized tail, and particularly its very large and powerful feet and legs. The adult's coloration is distinct, with the contrast between the slate grey head and the black throat area being quite prominent. Juveniles can be recognized by their streaked dark olive head, blackish scaling on the upperparts, and buff-olive underparts.

This species thrives in the undergrowth of mountain forests, second growth, and bamboo clumps. It is also found in scrubby pastures and the scrubby páramo, at altitudes ranging from 2150 meters to 3350 meters.

Endemic to the highlands of Costa Rica and western Panama, the Large-footed Finch is a common sight in locations such as Cerro de la Muerte.

Typically observed in pairs, the Large-footed Finch is a ground-dweller. It is known for its powerful double scratches when foraging, capable of sending debris up to 30 cm away. This bird is also known to pick berries from low bushes.

The male Large-footed Finch serenades with a song composed of whistles, warbles, chatter, and mimicry, often performed from the ground or a low perch. Additionally, the species emits a thin 'seet' call.

The female constructs a large, loose cup-shaped nest from plant material, usually situated less than 2 meters above ground in bamboo or a dense shrub. The typical clutch consists of one or two brown-marked white or blue-white eggs. The female incubates these eggs alone for a period of 12 to 14 days before they hatch.

The diet of the Large-footed Finch includes insects, spiders, and seeds, which it extracts from the leaf litter. It also consumes berries, which it gathers from low-growing vegetation.

The IUCN Red List classifies the Large-footed Finch as Least Concern, indicating that, currently, there are no immediate threats to its population numbers.

22-3-2017 TROGON LODGE, COSTA RICA - TALAMANCA HUMMINGBIRD (Eugenes spectabilis)

The Talamanca hummingbird (Eugenes spectabilis ) is a species of hummingbird in the "mountain gems", tribe Lampornithini in subfamily Trochilinae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama.

The Talamanca hummingbird is about 13 cm (5.1 in) long. Males weigh about 10 g (0.35 oz) and females 8.5 g (0.30 oz). Both sexes have a long straight black bill and a small white spot behind the eye.

Adult males have a dull black forehead with a dark green gloss, a metallic violet blue to purple crown, and a dull black nape and upper back. Much of the rest of the face is dark green, and the lores are a deep black. The rest of the upperparts and the tail are bronzy green to golden green; the tail feathers sometimes have grayish tips. The chin and gorget are metallic bluish green. The breast and belly are dark bronzy green, on the belly mixed with brownish gray. The undertail coverts are dull bronzy green with pale buff edges.

Adult females do not have the iridescent crown and gorget of the male. Their upperparts are dull dark green and most of the face is sooty black. The two innermost pairs of tail feathers are also dull dark green and the three outer pairs bronzy green with a black band near the end and brownish gray tips. The throat is brownish gray with buff tips to the feathers, the flanks dark green, and the breast, belly, and undertail coverts dull brownish gray with a dull green wash.

Immature birds are similar to the adult female, but have darker brown underparts with a dull buff scaly appearance. The upperparts' feathers, especially those of the crown and neck, have buffy fringes.

The Talamanca hummingbird is generally sedentary, but some individuals move to lower elevations in what might be a regular migration.

The Talamanca hummingbird is found in mountains from central Costa Rica into western Panama. In Costa Rica it occurs in the Cordillera Central and Cordillera de Talamanca and in Panama only in the Volcán Barú massif of Chiriquí Province. It inhabits oak forests and is partial to the forest's edges and clearings, and also is found in nearby secondary forest. In Costa Rica it occurs from 2,000 m (6,600 ft) up to treeline but is most common above 2,500 m (8,200 ft) and is occasionally found as low as 1,850 m (6,100 ft). In Panama it occurs between 2,000 and 2,400 m (6,600 and 7,900 ft).