1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - COMMON SHELDUCK (FEMALE) (Tadorna tadorna)

The common shelduck, Tadorna tadorna, is a waterfowl species that graces the Euro-Siberian region with its presence. It is a medium-sized bird, akin to a small, short-necked goose, and is quite the sight with its white plumage contrasted by chestnut patches and a black underbelly. The head and neck are a dark, iridescent green, and the bill is a reddish-pink, with the male sporting a conspicuous knob on the forehead during the breeding season. Pink feet complete the ensemble, making this bird a striking figure in its habitat.

To identify the common shelduck, look for the distinctive reddish-pink bill and pink feet. The male, especially in breeding plumage, has a bright red bill with a prominent knob. The female is slightly smaller and has white facial markings. Both sexes have a white body with chestnut patches, a black belly, and a dark green head and neck. In flight, the green and chestnut secondary feathers become visible, contrasting with the predominantly white underwings.

The common shelduck is found in a variety of wetland habitats, including temperate lakes and rivers, as well as estuaries and tidal mudflats in winter. It has a particular fondness for salt marshes and estuaries and is known to breed in rabbit burrows, tree holes, and even haystacks.

This species is widespread across temperate Eurasia. It breeds in temperate regions and migrates to subtropical areas for wintering. Some populations remain resident in the westernmost parts of Europe, while others undertake movements to moulting grounds like the Wadden Sea.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - CATTLE EGRET (Bubulcus ibis)

The Cattle Egret, a member of the heron family Ardeidae, is a small white bird recognized for its association with grazing animals. It exhibits a stout build, with a wingspan ranging from 88 to 96 cm, and a body length between 46 to 56 cm. The species is relatively light, weighing between 270 to 512 grams. It is characterized by a short, thick neck, a robust bill, and a somewhat hunched posture.

Outside the breeding season, the adult Cattle Egret has predominantly white plumage, a yellow bill, and greyish-yellow legs. Come breeding time, the western variety develops striking orange-buff plumes on the back, breast, and crown, while the bill, legs, and irises turn a vivid red. The eastern variety differs slightly with buff coloration extending to the cheeks and throat during breeding, and the plumes taking on a more golden hue. Both sexes are similar in appearance, though males are marginally larger with longer breeding plumes.

Cattle Egrets are adaptable birds that exploit a variety of drier and open habitats more than other heron species. Their preferred environments include seasonally inundated grasslands, pastures, farmlands, wetlands, and rice paddies.

Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, the Cattle Egret has seen a significant expansion in its distribution, colonizing much of the rest of the world over the last century. It is now found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones globally.

Cattle Egrets are often seen in the company of cattle or other large mammals, benefiting from the insects and small vertebrates these animals disturb. They are known for their migratory behavior, with some populations moving seasonally, while others disperse post-breeding.

At breeding colonies, the Cattle Egret emits a soft, guttural "rick-rack" call but is generally quiet outside this setting.

Breeding occurs in colonies, often near water and in the company of other wading birds. The nest is a platform of sticks in trees or shrubs. Both parents are involved in nest construction and incubation, which lasts about 23 days. Chicks are born with some down and are dependent on their parents for warmth and food.

The diet is varied, primarily consisting of insects like grasshoppers, crickets, and flies. They also consume spiders, frogs, small reptiles, and occasionally bird eggs and chicks. They are known to forage in fields, often near grazing animals, and have been observed following farm machinery to catch disturbed prey.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - GOLDEN PHEASANT (MALE) (Chrysolophus pictus)

The Golden Pheasant, or Chrysolophus pictus, is a resplendent bird belonging to the pheasant family. Its name reflects its regal bearing and the lustrous, golden crest adorning its head. The male is particularly striking with a bright red body and a cape that, when displayed, reveals an eye-catching pattern of black and orange. The female, while more subdued in color, has her own elegance with mottled brown plumage.

Males are unmistakable with their golden crest and rump, red body, and orange 'cape'. Their face is a contrasting rusty tan, and they have a bright yellow eye with a black pupil. The green upper back transitions to a golden-yellow on the lower back and rump. Females are less colorful, resembling the common pheasant but with a longer tail and a buff face and throat.

These birds are native to the mountainous forests of western China, but have been introduced to various other regions where they inhabit similar forested environments

Beyond their native range in China, Golden Pheasants have established feral populations across the globe, including the United Kingdom, parts of Europe, and North and South America.

Golden Pheasants are ground feeders by day and roost in trees at night. They are known to forage near human settlements in winter and exhibit a preference for running over flying, which they do in short, clumsy bursts.

The male Golden Pheasant emits a metallic call during the breeding season, which is part of its courtship display.

Females lay clutches of 8 to 12 eggs and incubate them for approximately 22-23 days.

Their diet consists of grain, leaves, and invertebrates. In winter, they often feed on wheat leaves and seeds.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - SCARLET IBIS (Eudocimus ruber)

The Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber), sometimes referred to as the red ibis, is a strikingly colored member of the ibis family, Threskiornithidae. Its brilliant scarlet plumage sets it apart from other species, making it an unmistakable sight in its native habitats. This bird is one of the two national birds of Trinidad and Tobago and is celebrated in the region's culture and folklore.

Adult Scarlet Ibises are predominantly scarlet, with the intensity of color varying slightly across their feathers. The tips of their wings are the only exception, displaying a rich inky black or dark blue on the longest primaries. The bill and feet are generally red, though the bill may darken towards the end. Juveniles start out grey, brown, and white, gradually acquiring the adult's scarlet hue as they mature. Adults measure 55–63 centimeters in length, with a wingspan of approximately 54 centimeters.

Scarlet Ibises favor wetlands and marshy environments, including mudflats, shorelines, and rainforests. They are often found in areas with abundant water sources, such as swamps, where they can forage for food.

This species has a broad range across South America and the Caribbean. It is native to Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela, and several Caribbean islands. The Scarlet Ibis is also known to inhabit the coastal regions of various Brazilian states.

Scarlet Ibises are strong fliers, migrating in flocks that adopt the classic V formation. They are sociable birds, living in groups and nesting in close proximity to one another. These birds are also known for their aggressive behavior when foraging, often dominating over other species to secure food.

1-4-2018 PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - FULVOUS WHISTLING DUCK (Dendrocygna bicolor)

The Fulvous Whistling Duck, or Fulvous Tree Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), is a medium-sized, long-legged member of the waterfowl family Anatidae. It is characterized by its rich buff head, neck, and breast, with a darker back and mantle. The species exhibits a striking white band across its black tail when in flight, and possesses a long grey bill and grey legs.

Adults measure between 45–53 cm in length, with a wingspan of 85 to 93 cm. Males weigh between 748–1,050 g, while females are slightly lighter. The plumage is mainly reddish-brown, with a dark stripe running down the back of the neck. In flight, the lack of white markings on the wings and the white crescent on the rump are distinctive. The call is a clear whistling kee-wee-ooo, often heard at night.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck favors wetlands with abundant vegetation, such as shallow lakes and paddy fields. It avoids wooded areas and is typically found in lowland marshes and swamps.

This species has a vast range, breeding across tropical regions in Mexico, South America, the West Indies, the southern United States, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. It is known for seasonal movements in response to water and food availability.

Often found in small groups, these ducks can form large flocks in preferred habitats. They are adept walkers and feed by upending or occasionally diving. They are not habitual tree perchers and fly at low altitudes in loose flocks. They are vocal and display aggression through head movements.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck is known for its distinctive whistling call, a kee-wee-ooo, which can be heard both in flight and on the ground. A harsh repeated kee is also heard during disputes.

Breeding coincides with water availability, with lifelong monogamous pairs. The nest is built on the ground or in tree holes, with a typical clutch of around ten whitish eggs. Incubation is shared by both parents, and ducklings hatch in 24–29 days, leaving the nest shortly after.

The Lesser Whistling Duck is similar but smaller, with a blackish crown and no dark neck stripe. Juvenile Comb Ducks are bulkier and have a dark cap on the head.

The diet consists mainly of plant material, including seeds and stems. During breeding, females may consume more animal matter. They forage by walking, swimming, upending, or occasionally diving.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with an estimated population of 1.3 to 1.5 million individuals globally. Despite declines in some areas, the species' large numbers and extensive range contribute to its status. It is subject to hunting and habitat loss in some regions but has shown strong colonizing tendencies, expanding its range in recent decades.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - MANDARIN DUCK (MALE) (Aix galericulata)

The Mandarin Duck (Aix galericulata) is a captivating species of perching duck native to the East Palearctic. Exhibiting pronounced sexual dimorphism, the male is adorned with an array of spectacular colors and ornate plumage, while the female maintains a more subdued appearance. This medium-sized duck measures 41–49 cm in length with a wingspan of 65–75 cm. It shares its genus with the North American Wood Duck, its closest relative.

The male Mandarin Duck is unmistakable with its red bill, large white crescent above the eye, and a face graced with reddish "whiskers." The breast is a rich purple with two vertical white bars, and the flanks are a vibrant ruddy color, complemented by two sail-like orange feathers at the back. The female, on the other hand, resembles the female Wood Duck, with a more muted grayish-lavender plumage, a distinctive white eye-ring, and a stripe extending from the eye. Both sexes boast crests, though the male's is more prominent.

Mandarin Ducks favor the dense, shrubby forested edges of rivers and lakes for breeding. They are typically found in low-lying areas but may also breed in valleys up to 1,500 meters in altitude. In winter, they can be found in marshes, flooded fields, and open rivers, and may also inhabit coastal lagoons and estuaries.

Originally widespread in East Asia, the Mandarin Duck's populations have declined in eastern Russia and China. However, Japan still hosts approximately 5,000 pairs. The species migrates to overwinter in lowland eastern China and southern Japan. In the British Isles and Western Europe, introduced populations have established, with notable numbers in Great Britain and the region of Berlin. Isolated populations also exist in the United States.

Mandarin Ducks favor the dense, shrubby forested edges of rivers and lakes for breeding. They are typically found in low-lying areas but may also breed in valleys up to 1,500 meters in altitude. In winter, they can be found in marshes, flooded fields, and open rivers, and may also inhabit coastal lagoons and estuaries.

Originally widespread in East Asia, the Mandarin Duck's populations have declined in eastern Russia and China. However, Japan still hosts approximately 5,000 pairs. The species migrates to overwinter in lowland eastern China and southern Japan. In the British Isles and Western Europe, introduced populations have established, with notable numbers in Great Britain and the region of Berlin. Isolated populations also exist in the United States.

Mandarin Ducks are known for their shyness, often seeking cover under trees and forming smaller flocks. They may become more confident in the presence of humans.

Mandarin Ducks breed in densely wooded areas near water sources. They nest in tree cavities, laying a clutch of nine to twelve eggs in the spring. The male does not incubate the eggs and departs before they hatch. The ducklings leap from the nest to follow their mother to water shortly after hatching.

The diet of Mandarin Ducks varies seasonally, consisting mainly of plants and seeds, such as beech mast. They also consume snails, insects, small fish, and in different seasons, acorns, grains, dew worms, frogs, mollusks, and small snakes. They typically feed at dawn or dusk.

The Mandarin Duck is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. However, habitat loss and accidental hunting pose threats to the species.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - RED EYED DOVE (Streptopelia semitorquata)

The red-eyed dove, Streptopelia semitorquata, presents itself as a largish and stocky pigeon, measuring around 30 cm in length. Its plumage is a tapestry of pale brown across the back, wings, and tail, with a striking contrast of dark vinous-pink on the head and underparts, fading into a pale grey facade on the face. A distinctive black hind neck patch, neatly framed with white, adorns its nape, while the legs and a patch of bare skin encircling the eye boast a vivid red hue.

When observing the red-eyed dove, look for the characteristic blackish flight feathers displayed during flight. Both sexes mirror each other in appearance, but the juveniles can be distinguished by their duller coloration and the scalloped pattern adorning their body feathers.

This species is quite adaptable, making its home in a variety of habitats, save for deserts. It shows a preference for forests near rivers, where it can be seen foraging or resting.

The red-eyed dove is a common sight throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, where it has established a widespread presence, avoiding only the arid expanses of the desert.

The red-eyed dove is known for its solitary or paired foraging habits, as opposed to forming large flocks. It constructs a simple stick nest within the branches of a tree, where it lays a clutch of two white eggs. In flight, it exhibits the typical pigeon pattern of regular beats interspersed with occasional sharp wing flicks.

Its vocal repertoire consists of a loud and distinctive "doo-doo-du-du," a call that resonates through its habitat.

A diet of grass seeds, grains, and other vegetation sustains the red-eyed dove, with much of its foraging taking place on the ground.

The red-eyed dove enjoys a status of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, reflecting its stable population numbers since 2004.

While similar in appearance to the Eurasian collared dove, the red-eyed dove can be differentiated by its unique coloration and the red patch of skin around its eye.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - GREY GO AWAY BIRD (Corythaixoides concolor)

The Grey go-away-bird (Crinifer concolor) is a bold and common turaco of the southern Afrotropics. They regularly form groups that forage in tree tops, or dust bathe on the ground. Within their range, their unique combination of color, appearance, and habits precludes confusion with other bird species.

These birds have an almost uniform smoky-grey plumage with long tails and a wispy, back-swept crest of some 6 to 7 cm in length. The crest can be raised almost vertically when excited. The strong, decurved beak is black and the gape and tongue strikingly pink. The plumage is darkest grey on the chin and throat, and palest around the eyes and on the belly. The breast plumage is washed slightly olive.

Grey go-away-birds are native to southern Angola, southern DRC, Zambia, southern Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and Eswatini. They inhabit arid to moist, and relatively open savanna woodlands, especially where Acacia trees are present. They frequent the edges of miombo woodland and occur commonly along water courses, dry riparian forests, and in Acacia woodland on alluvium. They also frequent farms, suburban gardens, and parks. They require water and disperse along tributaries of desert rivers when water flows. They have no regular migrations but wander about irregularly in search of food and water.

Grey go-away-birds are social and can form groups and parties numbering even 20-30 individuals. They spend the days moving about in search of food near the treetops. Their flight is rather slow and labored, but they can cover long distances. Once in the open treetops, however, these birds can run along tree limbs and jump from branch to branch. Especially when disturbed, they make their presence known by their characteristically loud and nasal 'kweh' or 'go-way' calls.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - NICOBAR PIGEON (Caloenas nicobarica)

The Nicobar pigeon, a large and resplendent bird, measures 40 cm in length. Its plumage is a tapestry of metallic green, with a head of soft grey transitioning to vibrant green and copper hackles. The tail, in stark contrast, is a pure white and notably short.

Males are distinguished by their slightly larger size and more pronounced bill knob. Females, on the other hand, exhibit a smaller knob, shorter hackles, and a tendency towards browner underparts. Juveniles can be identified by their black tails and a near absence of iridescence. Across its range, the species shows little variation, with the exception of the Palau subspecies, which sports marginally shorter neck hackles.

This species thrives in dense forests on secluded offshore islets, often forming large colonies.

The Nicobar pigeon's range spans from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India, through the Malay Archipelago, to New Guinea, the Philippines, Solomon Islands, and Palau.

These pigeons are gregarious, moving in flocks from island to island, favoring predator-free offshore islets for roosting and foraging in human-inhabited areas during the day. They exhibit a swift and rhythmic flight pattern, often flying in single file or columns.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - YELLOW BACKED CHATTERING LORY (lorius garrulas)

The chattering lory (Lorius garrulus) is a forest-dwelling parrot endemic to North Maluku, Indonesia. It is considered vulnerable, the main threat being from trapping for the cage-bird trade.

The race L. g. flavopalliatus is known as the yellow-backed lory.

Three subspecies are recognised:

L. g. flavopalliatus Salvadori 1877 – Yellow-backed lory, found on Kasiruta, Bacan, Obi and Mandiole Islands

L. g. garrulus (Linnaeus, 1758) – nominate, found on Halmahera, Widi and Ternate Islands

L. g. morotaianus (van Bemmel, 1940) – found on Morotai and Rau Islands

The chattering lory is 30 cm (12 in) long. It is mostly red with an all-red head and an orange beak. The eyerings are grey and the irises are orange-red. The wings are mainly green and the angle of the wing is yellow. Its thighs are green. The tail is tipped with dark green. It has dark grey legs. It may or may not have a yellow area on its back depending on the subspecies.

2-4-2018 PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - COMMON BULBUL (Pycnonotus barbatus)

The common bulbul, or Pycnonotus barbatus, is a passerine bird belonging to the bulbul family. It is characterized by a fairly short, thin bill with a slightly downward curve on the upper mandible. The plumage is similar for both sexes, featuring a dark brown head and upperparts. The bird's bill, legs, and feet are black, and it possesses a dark brown eye with an inconspicuous dark eye-ring. With a length of about 18 cm (7.1 in), the common bulbul has a notably long tail.

When identifying the common bulbul, look for its dark brown head and upperparts, and its long tail. The black bill, legs, and feet are also distinctive, as is the dark brown eye. The eye-ring may be difficult to discern. The bird's overall length and silhouette are key features to observe.

The common bulbul is adaptable and can be found in a variety of habitats including woodland, coastal bush, forest edges, riverine bush, montane scrub, and mixed farming areas. It also thrives in exotic thickets, gardens, and parks.

This species is a widespread resident breeder across much of Africa, and has even been found breeding as far north as southern Spain. Its range extends from Morocco to Tunisia, southern Mauritania to western Chad and northern Cameroon, central Nigeria to Gabon and southern Congo, eastern Chad to northern and central Sudan and eastern Egypt, and in southeastern Sudan, western, central, and eastern Ethiopia, and Eritrea.

The common bulbul is typically observed in pairs or small groups. It is a conspicuous bird, often perching at the top of a bush. Its behavior is active and noisy, and its flight pattern is bouncing and reminiscent of a woodpecker.

The vocalizations of the common bulbul are quite loud, with a distinctive call that sounds like "doctor-quick doctor-quick be-quick be-quick."

Breeding occurs throughout the year in the moist tropics, with a seasonal peak coinciding with the onset of the rainy season in other areas. The nest is a rigid, thick-walled, and cup-shaped structure, typically hidden within the leafy foliage of a small tree or shrub. Clutch size is generally two or three eggs. The species is known to be parasitized by the Jacobin cuckoo.

The diet of the common bulbul consists of fruit, nectar, seeds, and insects, making it an omnivorous bird.

The IUCN Red List has classified the common bulbul as Least Concern, indicating that it is not currently at significant risk of widespread decline.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - WOOD DUCK (MALE) (Aix sponsa)

The Wood Duck, known scientifically as Aix sponsa, is a medium-sized perching duck native to North America. It is one of the most splendidly plumaged waterfowl on the continent. Adult Wood Ducks measure from 47 to 54 cm in length with a wingspan of 66 to 73 cm, and weigh between 454 and 862 grams. The male is particularly striking with iridescent plumage and red eyes, complemented by a distinctive white flare down the neck. The female is more subdued in coloration, featuring a white eye-ring and a whitish throat. Both sexes boast crested heads, and their speculum is an iridescent blue-green with a white trailing edge.

To identify the male Wood Duck, look for its multicolored iridescent plumage and red eyes, along with the white flare down its neck. The female can be recognized by her white eye-ring and whitish throat. Both sexes have crested heads, which are a key feature for identification.

Wood Ducks inhabit wooded swamps, shallow lakes, marshes, ponds, and creeks. They show a preference for areas with ample tree cover close to water bodies.

These ducks are found throughout the eastern United States, the west coast, parts of southern Canada, and the west coast of Mexico. Northern populations migrate south for the winter, while birds in the southern range tend to be year-round residents.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - CATTLE EGRET (Bubulcus ibis)

The Cattle Egret, a member of the heron family Ardeidae, is a small white bird recognized for its association with grazing animals. It exhibits a stout build, with a wingspan ranging from 88 to 96 cm, and a body length between 46 to 56 cm. The species is relatively light, weighing between 270 to 512 grams. It is characterized by a short, thick neck, a robust bill, and a somewhat hunched posture.

Outside the breeding season, the adult Cattle Egret has predominantly white plumage, a yellow bill, and greyish-yellow legs. Come breeding time, the western variety develops striking orange-buff plumes on the back, breast, and crown, while the bill, legs, and irises turn a vivid red. The eastern variety differs slightly with buff coloration extending to the cheeks and throat during breeding, and the plumes taking on a more golden hue. Both sexes are similar in appearance, though males are marginally larger with longer breeding plumes.

Cattle Egrets are adaptable birds that exploit a variety of drier and open habitats more than other heron species. Their preferred environments include seasonally inundated grasslands, pastures, farmlands, wetlands, and rice paddies.

Originally native to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe, the Cattle Egret has seen a significant expansion in its distribution, colonizing much of the rest of the world over the last century. It is now found in the tropics, subtropics, and warm-temperate zones globally.

Cattle Egrets are often seen in the company of cattle or other large mammals, benefiting from the insects and small vertebrates these animals disturb. They are known for their migratory behavior, with some populations moving seasonally, while others disperse post-breeding.

At breeding colonies, the Cattle Egret emits a soft, guttural "rick-rack" call but is generally quiet outside this setting.

Breeding occurs in colonies, often near water and in the company of other wading birds. The nest is a platform of sticks in trees or shrubs. Both parents are involved in nest construction and incubation, which lasts about 23 days. Chicks are born with some down and are dependent on their parents for warmth and food.

The diet is varied, primarily consisting of insects like grasshoppers, crickets, and flies. They also consume spiders, frogs, small reptiles, and occasionally bird eggs and chicks. They are known to forage in fields, often near grazing animals, and have been observed following farm machinery to catch disturbed prey.

1-4-2018 EDEN PLETTENBERG BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - SPOTTED THICK NEE (Burhinus capensis)

The Spotted Thick-knee, also known as the Spotted Dikkop or Cape Thick-knee, is a bird of notable stature, reaching up to 45.5 cm in height. It is adorned with brown-and-white speckled plumage that blends seamlessly into the grasslands and savannas it calls home. The bird's head is large and round, crowned with a prominent yellow eye, while its short, stout beak is well-suited to its diet. In flight or when displaying its characteristic wings-raised stance, it reveals a striking contrast in its plumage. Its legs are long and yellow, and the tibiotarsal joint is notably expanded, a feature that has given rise to its common name.

To identify the Spotted Thick-knee, look for its long yellow legs and the distinctive thickening at the knee joint. Its camouflage plumage can make it challenging to spot, but the bird's large, round head and prominent yellow eyes are key distinguishing features. When it takes to the air or assumes its unique pose with wings aloft, the contrasting patterns of its plumage become quite apparent.

This species thrives in the grasslands and savannas, where its mottled plumage provides excellent camouflage against the backdrop of these ecosystems.

The Spotted Thick-knee is native to sub-Saharan Africa, with a range that spans from Senegal, Mali, and Mauritania in the west, across to Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and down to South Africa in the east and south. It is also found in south Yemen.

The Spotted Thick-knee is a nocturnal creature, often squatting on the ground during the day, which makes it quite elusive. It is a ground hunter, preying on insects, small mammals, and lizards.

The Spotted Thick-knee lays usually two eggs, with a two-day interval between them. The eggs are marked with sepia brown and ash grey on a pale, clay-coloured background. Nesting occurs on the ground, with a scrape lined with grasses, feathers, pebbles, and twigs. Both male and female parents are involved in rearing the young, bringing food to the nest and defending it vigorously. They may even feign injury to distract predators from their offspring.

The Spotted Thick-knee can be confused with the Water Thick-knee but can be distinguished by the distinct wing pattern of the Water Thick-knee.

The diet of the Spotted Thick-knee consists of insects, small mammals, and lizards, which it hunts on the ground.

The Spotted Thick-knee is classified as "Least Concern" by the IUCN, thanks to its extensive range and stable population numbers.

11-5-2018 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - JUMPING SPIDER (Carrhotus xanthogramma)

Carrhotus xanthogramma is a species of jumping spider belonging to the family Salticidae.

Its distribution is palearctic, including a portion of Europe (Portugal, Spain, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, North Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece), in Turkey, Caucasus, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan, Russia, China, Mongolia, South Korea and Japan.

These thermophilic spiders prefer sunny, warm environments. They can mainly be encountered on bushes, on tree trunks and shrubbery.

The adult males of these jumping spiders reach approximately 5.1–7.1 millimetres (0.20–0.28 in) of length, while females can reach a body length of about 7.1–9.0 millimetres (0.28–0.35 in). These spiders are covered with dense hair. The sexual dimorphism of this species is pronounced.

The males are smaller than females. They have a black bright cephalothorax (prosoma) and a hairy, flattened and tapered, reddish-orange abdomen (opisthosoma). The separation between cephalothorax (prosoma) and abdomen (opisthosoma) is well marked. Their black legs may have slightly orange rings. Palps are black haired. 

The female's body, according to the mimicry strategy, is mostly brownish, with dark brown markings. There is a yellowish area on a blackish front head, that includes an arcuate bandage extending from one side-eye to the other, encircling the entire back of the fore-body.

The abdomen is oval and slightly tapered. It is predominantly yellowish, with narrow, dark brownish longitudinal V-shaped stripes and spots. Legs are light-dark annulated. Palps are light brown with long white hairs.  They have eight eyes with very large anterior median eyes. 

Adults can be found in spring and summer, from April to July.  They actively pursue their prey, jumping on them. Their eyesight is excellent and very useful in their way of hunting.

17-4-2018 CHOBE RIVER, BOTSWANA - COMMON IMPALA (MALE) (Aepyceros melampus ssp. melampus)

The impala (Aepyceros melampus) is a medium-sized antelope that is found in Africa. It was first described to European audiences by German zoologist Hinrich Lichtenstein in 1812. Active mainly during the day, the impala may be gregarious or territorial depending upon the climate and geography. The impala is known for two characteristic leaps that constitute an anti-predator strategy.

Impala is an elegant and magnificent species of antelope. The animal has slender body with the identifying "M"-like marking on the rear. This medium-sized antelope possesses thin, pointed horns with tips, lying far apart from each other. Males of this species are identified by the characteristic "S"-like horns. The elegant limbs of these animals have scent glands behind the ankles. The overall coloration of their fur is red-brown with paler sides. In addition, they have black and white colored areas on their body. Thus, the tail, belly, chin, lips, inside ears as well as the lines above the eyes are colored with white. Meanwhile, black bands cover their thighs, tail, forehead and ear tips.

17-4-2018 CHOBE RIVER, BOTSWANA - NILE MONITOR (Varanus niloticus)

The Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) is a large member of the monitor family (Varanidae) found throughout most of Sub-Saharan Africa and along the Nile. It is one of the largest lizards in the world reaching and even surpassing the perentie by size. The Nile monitor is also the second-largest reptile in the Nile River.

Nile monitors have muscular bodies, strong legs, and powerful jaws. Their teeth are sharp and pointed in juvenile animals and become blunt and peg-like in adults. They also possess sharp claws used for climbing, digging, defense, or tearing at their prey. Like all monitors, they have forked tongues, with highly developed olfactory properties. The Nile monitor has quite striking, but variable, skin patterns, as they are greyish-brown above with greenish-yellow barring on the tail and large, greenish-yellow rosette-like spots on their backs with a blackish tiny spot in the middle. Their throats and undersides are an ochre-yellow to a creamy-yellow, often with faint barring. Their nostrils are placed high on their snouts, indicating these animals are very well adapted for an aquatic lifestyle.

Nile monitors are native to Sub-Saharan Africa and along the Nile. These lizards are often found in aquatic habitats. They prefer to live in woodlands, savannas, scrub, mangroves, marshes, and swamps and also visit agricultural areas.

Nile monitors are generally solitary and only sometimes may interact with other monitors outside of the breeding season. They are active during the day and spend their time foraging or basking on the shoreline vegetation, trees, logs, or rocks. They are often seen in or close to water. At night they sleep on tree branches, in burrows which they dig themselves or submerged in water. Nile monitors are highly aquatic and can remain underwater for 12-15 minutes. They are also excellent climbers and quick runners on land. In the colder parts of their range, Nile monitors hibernate, usually in burrows or in rock cracks. When they sense any danger they tend to run away or may even jump into the water from the tree branch. When threatened juvenile monitors will tail whip as a defensive measure, and as adults, they are capable of inflicting moderate to serious wounds from biting and scratching.

Nile monitors are polygynandrous (promiscuous) meaning that both males and females mate with multiple partners. Their breeding season occurs from June until October. During this time males compete with each other for mating opportunities. Females lay up to 60 eggs, usually in termite burrows, and mounds or may dig a hole in the ground. The incubation period may last up to 6-9 months depending on the environmental conditions. After hatching, baby monitors must dig their way out of the nest and may need to wait for the rain to soften the nest, or the mother may return to her nest to help. After hatchlings emerge, they are completely independent and don't require parental care. They will become reproductively mature at 3 to 4 years of age.

7-4-2018 CHOBE RIVER, NAMIBIA - LITTLE BEE-EATER (Merops pasillas)

The Little Bee-eater, scientifically known as Merops pusillus, is a diminutive and vibrant member of the bee-eater family, Meropidae. This species is adorned with green upper parts and a yellow throat, complemented by a striking black gorget. The upper breast is a rich brown, which gently transitions to a buffish ochre on the belly. Their wings exhibit a blend of green and brown hues, while their beaks and legs are a stark black. Measuring a mere 15–17 cm in length, they hold the title of the smallest African bee-eater. Both males and females are similar in appearance.

When identifying the Little Bee-eater, look for its bright green upper parts, yellow throat, and the distinctive black gorget. The rich brown of the upper breast and the buffish ochre belly are also key characteristics. Their small size and black beak and legs can help distinguish them from other bee-eaters.

These birds favor open country with an abundance of bushes, showing a preference for areas near water sources.

The Little Bee-eater is a resident of Sub-Saharan Africa. Their movements are seasonal, often dictated by the patterns of rainfall rather than long-distance migration.

Little Bee-eaters are known for their abundance and tame nature within their range. They are often seen perched low, sometimes just a meter above the ground. They roost communally, aligning themselves neatly on a tree branch.

23-3-2018 BOULDER BAY, CAPE TOWN - AFRICAN PENGUIN (Spheniscus demersus)

The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) is a species of penguin that lives in southern African waters. Like all extant penguins, it is flightless and adapted for a marine habitat. Once extremely numerous, the African penguin is declining rapidly due to a combination of several threats and is classified as endangered. It is a charismatic species and is popular with tourists.

The African penguin is a small to medium-sized penguin with black-and-white plumage, serving the animal as a perfect camouflage to protect it from predators. Due to the black feathers on their back, they merge with the environment, remaining unseen to those looking down from above. Meanwhile, the white coloration on the front part of their body allows them to be unspotted by aquatic predators, looking up from below. The penguins have a horseshoe-shaped, white-colored stripe on their face, stretching from around their eyes to their chest as well on the chin, towards the bill. Young penguins possess gray-blue feathers, which darken as they grow up.

African penguins are found along the coast of South Africa and Namibia. They do not migrate and live in colonies on 24 islands between Namibia and Algoa Bay, near Port Elizabeth, South Africa. African penguins spend most of their lives at sea and come ashore to breed and molt.

African penguins are both diurnal and crepuscular. By day, the birds hide in their burrows, escaping the sun. At twilight and dawn, they come out to forage. African penguins are highly social animals. Grooming is a common activity in these animals. They groom each other in order to clean the plumage, rearrange the feathers and take off parasites. In addition, grooming reinforces the social bond between a pair. During their courtship rituals, the birds are extremely noisy, emitting loud calls, which are quite similar to these of donkeys. In order to clean and cool themselves, they frequently take baths, making their bathing spots at a distance of just a few meters from the seashore.

23-3-2018 BOULDERS BAY, SOUTH AFRICA - CAPE WAGTAIL (Motacilla capensis ssp capensis)

The Cape wagtail, or Wells's wagtail, is a modestly adorned bird with a relatively short tail. Its upperparts are an unassuming olive grey, while the face is similarly hued, accented by a tan supercilium and dark lores. The underparts are a soft creamy white, occasionally showing a subtle pinkish tinge on the lower breast and belly. A dusky breast band is present, and the flanks share the olive-grey of the breast. The wings are a brownish black with pale feather edging, and the tail is predominantly blackish, save for the white outer feathers. Juveniles resemble adults but are a touch browner above and have a more yellowish hue below.

Look for the iconic black triangle on the chest, a key feature for identification. There is no sexual dimorphism in plumage, so males and females appear alike.

The Cape wagtail is a versatile species, inhabiting areas near water such as riverbanks, as well as rocky coastlines, farms, villages, cultivated lands, parks, gardens, and urban centres. In East Africa, it is typically found at altitudes above 2,000 meters.

This bird is widespread in eastern and southern Africa, ranging from Uganda and Kenya, through Zambia and Angola, and down to the Western Cape and the Cape of Good Hope.

The species is mostly resident and territorial, but some may migrate altitudinally or form flocks outside the breeding season.

Cape wagtails are monogamous and may remain with their breeding partner across multiple seasons. They are solitary nesters, constructing nests in a variety of natural and artificial recesses. Breeding can occur year-round, with a peak from mid-winter to early summer. Clutches typically consist of one to five eggs, incubated by both parents for about two weeks. Chicks are fed by both parents and fledge in about two to three weeks, with full independence reached approximately one to two months post-fledging.

The Cape wagtail's diet consists mainly of invertebrates, which it hunts on the ground or in shallow water. It is known to feed on a variety of prey, including insects, fiddler crabs, sandhoppers, snails, ticks, tadpoles, small fish, and even small chameleons. It is also known to consume carrion and occasionally human food.