4-7-2018 ULLAL DE BOLDOVI, VALENCIA - EURASIAN COOT (Fulica atra)

The Eurasian coot, Fulica atra, also known as the common coot or Australian coot, is a distinctive waterbird with a slaty-black body, a glossy black head, and a striking white bill topped with a white frontal shield. This bird is a member of the Rallidae family, which includes rails and crakes. Both sexes exhibit similar plumage, making them indistinguishable in the field.

Adult Eurasian coots measure 36–38 cm in length with a wingspan of 70–80 cm. Males are slightly heavier than females, weighing around 890 g compared to the females' 750 g. The species is characterized by its white bill and frontal shield, which contrast sharply with its all-black body. Juveniles are paler with a whitish breast and lack the facial shield, which develops fully by one year of age.

The Eurasian coot is found on freshwater lakes and ponds and has adapted well to urban environments, often seen in city parks and gardens with water bodies.

This bird has a broad range across the Old World, including Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of North Africa. It is a resident in milder regions but migrates south and west from much of Asia during winter.

The Eurasian coot is less secretive than many rails, often visible on open water or grasslands. It is territorial and aggressive during the breeding season, with both parents defending their territory. In non-breeding seasons, coots may form large flocks. They are reluctant flyers, preferring to run across water surfaces, and are known for bobbing their heads while swimming.

This species is known for its noisy demeanor, producing a variety of crackling, explosive, or trumpeting calls, which are often heard at night.

Coots build bulky, sometimes floating nests, concealed in vegetation or in the open. Both sexes construct the nest, with the male gathering materials. Clutches typically contain 6-10 buff-colored eggs speckled with black or dark brown. Both parents incubate the eggs, which hatch after 21-24 days. Chicks are precocial and nidifugous, with distinctive orange-red tips on their down.

Omnivorous in nature, the Eurasian coot consumes small live prey, including other birds' eggs, as well as algae, vegetation, seeds, and fruit. It employs various feeding techniques, both on land and in water.

4-7-2018 ALBUFERA, VALENCIA - COLLARED PRATINCOLE (Glareola pratincola)

The Collared Pratincole, known to some as the Common Pratincole or Red-winged Pratincole, is a distinctive wader belonging to the family Glareolidae. This bird is characterized by its short legs, long pointed wings, and a long forked tail. The bill is short, an adaptation for its aerial feeding habits. Adults typically measure 24–28 cm in length with a wingspan of 60–70 cm. The plumage is a blend of brown on the back and head, with a stark white belly. The underwings are a rich chestnut, presenting a darker appearance from below.

To identify the Collared Pratincole, one must look for its chestnut underwings and deeply forked tail. It can be challenging to distinguish from similar species such as the Black-winged Pratincole and the Oriental Pratincole, especially since the latter also possesses chestnut underwings but has a shorter tail.

The Collared Pratincole thrives in open country and is frequently observed near bodies of water, particularly in the evening as it hunts for insects.

This species graces the warmer regions of Europe, southwest Asia, and Africa with its presence. It is a migratory bird, retreating to tropical Africa to overwinter and is considered a rarity north of its breeding territories.

The Collared Pratincole thrives in open country and is frequently observed near bodies of water, particularly in the evening as it hunts for insects.

This species graces the warmer regions of Europe, southwest Asia, and Africa with its presence. It is a migratory bird, retreating to tropical Africa to overwinter and is considered a rarity north of its breeding territories.

Pratincoles are unique among waders due to their propensity to capture insect prey on the wing, akin to swallows, though they are also capable of feeding on the ground.

The Collared Pratincole is a colonial nester, with a preference for laying its eggs in shallow scrapes on open ground, often near water. The clutch consists of 2–4 eggs, which are cream in color with black or dark brown markings. Both parents share the responsibility of incubation, which lasts for 17-19 days, and the young are precocial and nidifugous, leaving the nest within 2–3 days. The fledglings take to the skies after 25–30 days.

The Black-winged Pratincole and Oriental Pratincole are the species most similar to the Collared Pratincole. The key to differentiating them lies in the details of the tail length and underwing coloration.

The Collared Pratincole's diet consists primarily of insects, which it adeptly catches in flight, demonstrating its aerial agility.

The Collared Pratincole is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List. It is also a species protected under the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA).

4-7-2018 EL PALMAR, ALBUFERA - GREY HERON (Ardea cinerea)

The Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) is a statuesque wading bird belonging to the family Ardeidae. It is a familiar sight in both rural and urban settings, often seen standing stoically along the water's edge. An adult Grey Heron is a large bird, reaching up to 100 cm in height, with a wingspan between 155 to 195 cm. It weighs between 1 to 2 kg. The plumage is predominantly ashy-grey above, with a greyish-white underbelly and some black on the flanks. A striking feature is the white head and neck adorned with a broad black stripe that extends from the eye to the black crest. The beak is pinkish-yellow, long, and sharply pointed, while the legs are a brown hue.

When identifying the Grey Heron, look for the white head with the black supercilium and crest, the long grey neck, and the ashy-grey wings and back. The underparts are lighter, and the legs are long and brown. Juveniles can be distinguished by their duller grey neck and smaller crest. The beak is a useful indicator of age, being brighter in breeding adults.

4-7-2018 ALBUFERA, VALENCIA - LITTLE TERN (Sternula albifrons)

The Little Tern, Sternula albifrons, is a diminutive member of the seabird family Laridae. This sprightly bird is easily recognized by its compact body, measuring 21–25 cm in length with a wingspan of 41–47 cm. It is characterized by its white forehead, which is particularly prominent during the breeding season.

When observing the Little Tern, look for its yellow, thin, sharp bill tipped with black, and its matching yellow legs. In breeding plumage, the white forehead contrasts with a black cap, while in winter, the forehead becomes more extensively white, the bill turns black, and the legs appear duller. Its flight is buoyant and graceful, a delight to watch as it hovers over water before diving.

This species is partial to coastal environments, favoring gravel or shingle beaches and islands for breeding. It also frequents inland waterways, adapting to the habitats provided by temperate and tropical regions alike.

The Little Tern is a globe-trotter, breeding across temperate and tropical Europe and Asia, and migrating to subtropical and tropical oceans for the winter. Its range extends as far south as South Africa and Australia, with three recognized subspecies occupying distinct geographical areas.

The Little Tern is a colonial nester, laying two to four eggs directly on the ground. It is fiercely protective of its nest and offspring, ready to dive at intruders with surprising ferocity. Courtship involves the male presenting fish to the female, a tender ritual that strengthens their pair bond.

Listen for a loud, distinctive creaking noise that carries over the sounds of the sea, a call that is unmistakably that of the Little Tern.

Breeding colonies are established on coasts and islands, where the Little Tern's nest can be found on the bare ground. The commitment to their young is evident in their vigilant defense against potential threats.

The Little Tern could be mistaken for the Fairy Tern or Saunders's Tern, but its size and the white forehead in breeding plumage are distinguishing features that aid in its identification.

Adept at plunge-diving, the Little Tern primarily feeds on fish from saline environments. Its hunting technique is a marvel of precision, as it drops from the air into the water to catch its prey.

The Little Tern is currently listed as Least Concern by the IUCN. However, its populations have faced declines due to habitat loss, pollution, and human disturbance, particularly in coastal areas and along European rivers where traditional habitats have been compromised. Conservation efforts are ongoing to protect this species and its habitats, especially along rivers like the Drava where populations are critically threatened. The Little Tern is also a subject of the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA), highlighting the international commitment to its preservation.

8-4-2018 THORNYBUSH LODGE, SOUTH AFRICA - CHACMA BABOON (Papio ursinus)

Chacma baboons are found throughout southern Africa, ranging from South Africa north to Angola, Zambia, and Mozambique. They live in diverse habitats from woodlands to savannas, steppes, and sub-deserts. Chacma baboons are found in the Kalahari Desert as well as on the alpine slopes of the Drakensberg. They usually sleep on hills, cliffs, or large trees and during the day, avoid arid areas with a lack of water.

The Chacma baboon (Papio ursinus) is a member of the Old World monkey family. It is one of the largest of all monkeys. Located primarily in southern Africa, the chacma baboon has a wide variety of social behaviors, including a dominance hierarchy, collective foraging, adoption of young by females, and friendship pairings. In general, the species is not threatened, but hunting, trapping, and accidents kill or remove many baboons from the wild, thereby reducing their numbers and disrupting their social structure.

The Chacma baboon is perhaps the longest species of monkey and it is also one of the heaviest. Adult males can in some instances be about twice as long and three times as heavy as adult females. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of this baboon is its long, downward-sloping face. The Chacma baboon is generally dark brown to gray in color, with a patch of rough hair on the nape of its neck. Unlike the males of northern baboon species (Guinea, hamadryas, and Olive baboons), Chacma males do not have a mane. The three subspecies are differentiated by size and color. The Cape chacma is a large, heavy, dark-brown, and has black feet. The Gray-footed chacma is slightly smaller than the Cape chacma, lighter in color and build, and has gray feet. The Ruacana chacma generally appears to be a smaller, less darkly colored version of the Cape chacma.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - SILVERY CHEEKED HORNBILL (Bycanistes brevis)

The Silvery-cheeked Hornbill, known scientifically as Bycanistes brevis, is a majestic bird, notable for its impressive size, measuring between 75 to 80 centimeters in length. It boasts a striking cream-colored casque atop its beak. The bird's head gleams with a silver-grey sheen, while the rest of its plumage is a glossy iridescent black. This is contrasted by the white rump, lower back, thighs, vent, and the tips of the outer tail-feathers, creating a remarkable visual display.

When observing these birds, look for the large casque on the beak, which is particularly prominent in males. The female can be identified by her smaller casque and the reddish skin that encircles her eyes. The distinctive coloration of their plumage, with the contrast between the iridescent black body and the white accents, makes them relatively easy to identify in their natural habitat.

The Silvery-cheeked Hornbill, known scientifically as Bycanistes brevis, is a majestic bird, notable for its impressive size, measuring between 75 to 80 centimeters in length. It boasts a striking cream-colored casque atop its beak. The bird's head gleams with a silver-grey sheen, while the rest of its plumage is a glossy iridescent black. This is contrasted by the white rump, lower back, thighs, vent, and the tips of the outer tail-feathers, creating a remarkable visual display.

When observing these birds, look for the large casque on the beak, which is particularly prominent in males. The female can be identified by her smaller casque and the reddish skin that encircles her eyes. The distinctive coloration of their plumage, with the contrast between the iridescent black body and the white accents, makes them relatively easy to identify in their natural habitat.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - BUDGERIGAR (Melopsittacus undulatus)

The Budgerigar, also known as the common parakeet, shell parakeet, or affectionately as the budgie, is a small and vibrant seed-eating parrot. In the wild, its plumage is primarily a bright green and yellow, adorned with black scalloped markings on the nape, back, and wings. Captivity has given rise to a kaleidoscope of color variations including blues, whites, and greys, with some even sporting charming crests.

Adult budgerigars can be distinguished by the color of their cere, the fleshy area containing the nostrils above the beak. Males typically boast a blue cere, while females exhibit a brown or beige cere, particularly when in breeding condition. Juveniles present a more uniform purplish-pink cere, regardless of sex. These birds are also characterized by their iridescent cheek patches and the distinctive throat spots that adorn each side of their neck.

Budgerigars thrive in the drier regions of Australia, favoring habitats such as scrublands, open woodlands, and grasslands. Their ability to adapt to the harsh inland conditions has been remarkable, a testament to their resilience and nomadic lifestyle.

Native to Australia, budgerigars have also been introduced to other regions, including Florida in the United States. Their distribution in the wild is closely linked to the availability of food and water, which can lead to large, nomadic flocks in search of sustenance.

Budgerigars are gregarious and nomadic, often seen in flocks that can swell to great numbers when conditions are favorable. They exhibit a variety of social behaviors, including mutual preening and feeding, indicative of their affectionate nature. In flight, they are agile and can switch between speeds with remarkable ease.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - SWINHOE'S PHEASANT (Lophura swinhoii)

Swinhoe's pheasant (Lophura swinhoii ), also known as the Taiwan blue pheasant, is a bird of the pheasant subfamily in the fowl family Phasianidae. It is endemic to Taiwan. Along with the Mikado pheasant and Taiwan blue magpie, two other Taiwan endemics, Swinhoe's pheasant is sometimes considered an unofficial national symbol for Taiwan, as it bears the colours of the national flag (red, white, and blue).

The male Swinhoe's pheasant can grow up to 79 cm. He has a glossy blue-purple chest, belly, and rump, white nape, red wattles, white tail feathers, and a white crest. The female is brown marked with yellow, arrow-shaped spots and complex barring patterns, and has maroon outer rectrices. The juvenile male is dark blue with brown and yellow patterns on its wings. Swinhoe's pheasants can also be distinguished from the Mikado pheasant by having red legs.

During display, the male's wattles become engorged and he performs a display consisting of a hop followed by running in a circle around females. A frontal display with the tail fanned is occasionally observed. He also does a wing-whirring display like other Lophura pheasants.

Swinhoe's pheasant is found in the mountains of central Taiwan, where it lives in primary broadleaf forest up to 2,300 m in elevation.

25-3-2018 CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA - BLACK AND WHITE CASQUED HORNBILL (Bycanistes subcylindricus)

The black-and-white-casqued hornbill is found in wooded habitats in central and western Africa, ranging from western Kenya to Côte d'Ivoire with an isolated population in north Angola. The black-and-white-casqued hornbill is found mostly in Ivory-Coast, with smaller populations in its surrounding countries for West-African populations. The Central-African populations are mostly in Uganda and Kenya as well as Cameroon with smaller populations in Gabon, Tanzania and Central Africa. They are tropical birds that live in regions with high amounts of forests and is rarely seen in on flat lands, especially due to its arboreal nature.

The black-and-white-casqued hornbill (Bycanistes subcylindricus) also known as the grey-cheeked hornbill, is a large black and white hornbill. It has an oversized blackish bill with a large casque on top. The female is slightly smaller than the male and has a significantly smaller casque. It is a monogamous species, and pairs nest in suitable tree cavities. The female usually lays up to two eggs. The diet consists mainly of figs, fruits, insects and small animals found in the trees.

Widespread and still locally common, the black-and-white-casqued hornbill is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Bycanistes subcylindricus is a moderately large bird of 60 to 70 cm with a wing span of 70 to 96  cm. It is recognizable by its black plummage for the higher body and wings alongside and white plummage on the lower body and wings with black feathers amongst the white feathers of the tail, particularly the top tail feathers and the base of the tail feathers. It has a yellow-brownish bill and flattened casque, which are enlarged in males. Females have a smaller casque and a black bill. The purpose of the casque is unknown for males, although suggested to be for sexual characterization. The black-and-white-casqued hornbill has very mobile eyes which is not a common trait in birds. This means that its eyes themselves can move in their socket, while other birds tend to have to move their heads to see. It is capable of displaying emotions through the feathers at the top of the head, which allows it to communicate its emotional state. While males weight between 1 kg and 1.5 kg, the females weight between 1 kg and 1.25 kg.

The black-and-white-casqued hornbill is found in wooded habitats in central and western Africa, ranging from western Kenya to Côte d'Ivoire with an isolated population in north Angola. The black-and-white-casqued hornbill is found mostly in Ivory-Coast, with smaller populations in its surrounding countries for West-African populations. The Central-African populations are mostly in Uganda and Kenya as well as Cameroon with smaller populations in Gabon, Tanzania and Central Africa. They are tropical birds that live in regions with high amounts of forests and is rarely seen in on flat lands, especially due to its arboreal nature.

The diet of the black-and-white-casqued hornbill consist mostly of fruits, which includes relatively small fruits or pieces of larger fruits. While some may consider this bird, like many other hornbills, to be limited to such food, it has been noted that they are very much capable of hunting small animals, including lizards and the eggs of other birds. Most of the frugal diet of the black-and-white-casqued hornbill comes from figs. The black-and-white-casqued hornbill does not consume water directly and seems to instead hydrate itself from the water contained in the fruits that represent most of its diet. It is capable of precise and delicate handling of edibles by using its beak skillfully in conjunction with its esophagus.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - ANGULATE TORTOISE (Chersina angulata)

The angulate tortoise (Chersina angulata) is a species of tortoise found in dry areas and coastal scrub vegetation in South Africa. It is the only living member of the genus Chersina.

This species is highly distinctive and is now classified by itself, in the monotypic Chersina genus. While it differs considerably from all other tortoise species, its closest relatives, according to phylogenetic studies, are the tiny "padloper" (Homopus) tortoise species, with which it shares its southern African habitat.

Internationally it is known by the two names of "angulate" and "bowsprit" tortoise. Locally in southern Africa however, it is uniformly known as the "angulate" tortoise in English, and as the rooipens skilpad ("red-belly tortoise") in Afrikaans.

A small, shy tortoise with a relatively variable shell, they can often be distinguished by their prominent "bowsprits", which are protrusions of the "gular" shields, from their plastrons under their chins. These are used by males to fight for territory or females. Uniquely, this species has only one gular shield under its chin; all other southern African tortoises have a divided/double scaled gular. Angulate specimens have five claws on their front legs and four on each back leg. They also, like most other southern African tortoises, have a nuchal scute.

There is considerable regional variation in this species of tortoise. Angulates from the west coast of southern Africa tend to have a reddish colour, especially on the underside of their shell (from where their Afrikaans name of rooipens or "red-belly" comes). Inland specimens from the Karoo region are often darker, and some are known to be uniformly black. To the east of their range, individuals are typically smaller and have a lighter colour. Such tendencies can be diluted by admixture however, and in all populations individuals tend to assume a uniform brown colour in old age.

This species shows considerable difference between male and female individuals. The male angulates tend to be larger, to have concave bellies, and to have a longer, thinner, "peanut" shape. They also have enlarged and extended gular scutes under their chins, which they use for sparring with each other. The females tend to be smaller and rounder, with a flat or slightly convex belly. Males tend to have a cream-coloured mark on top of their head.

A fully-grown specimen, in its natural fynbos scrub habitat.

Their natural habitat is the fynbos, karoo, albany thickets and coastal scrub (strandveld) vegetation of the south-western part of South Africa. This is an area of semi-arid and Mediterranean climate, with winter rainfall. Within this climatic range however, the angulate tortoise is a tough and very adaptable species.

Geographically, this natural range extends across the Cape Floristic Region, as far north as the southern part of Namibia. In addition, small colonies have been introduced by tourists to domestic gardens in Swakopmund and Walvis Bay, even further north, in central Namibia. To the east, its range extends along the Cape's southern coast as far as East London. There is also an especially dense colony on Dassen Island, off the South African coast. Throughout its range, this tortoise usually occurs in the greatest numbers near the coast. Inland it occurs at lesser densities, though smaller populations are even found in parts of the Karoo.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - SILVERY CHEEKED HORNBILL (Bycanistes brevis)

The Silvery-cheeked Hornbill, known scientifically as Bycanistes brevis, is a majestic bird, notable for its impressive size, measuring between 75 to 80 centimeters in length. It boasts a striking cream-colored casque atop its beak. The bird's head gleams with a silver-grey sheen, while the rest of its plumage is a glossy iridescent black. This is contrasted by the white rump, lower back, thighs, vent, and the tips of the outer tail-feathers, creating a remarkable visual display.

When observing these birds, look for the large casque on the beak, which is particularly prominent in males. The female can be identified by her smaller casque and the reddish skin that encircles her eyes. The distinctive coloration of their plumage, with the contrast between the iridescent black body and the white accents, makes them relatively easy to identify in their natural habitat.

The Silvery-cheeked Hornbill, known scientifically as Bycanistes brevis, is a majestic bird, notable for its impressive size, measuring between 75 to 80 centimeters in length. It boasts a striking cream-colored casque atop its beak. The bird's head gleams with a silver-grey sheen, while the rest of its plumage is a glossy iridescent black. This is contrasted by the white rump, lower back, thighs, vent, and the tips of the outer tail-feathers, creating a remarkable visual display.

When observing these birds, look for the large casque on the beak, which is particularly prominent in males. The female can be identified by her smaller casque and the reddish skin that encircles her eyes. The distinctive coloration of their plumage, with the contrast between the iridescent black body and the white accents, makes them relatively easy to identify in their natural habitat.

Silvery-cheeked Hornbills are denizens of the tall evergreen forests, where they can be seen perched high in the canopy or gliding majestically between the trees.

These hornbills are found across East Africa, from Ethiopia stretching down to South Africa. While their presence in South Africa is marginal, they are locally fairly common in the northern and central parts of their range.

These birds are typically seen in pairs, though they are known to roost in large flocks that can number in the hundreds. Their breeding season occurs in the spring months, particularly in September and October in some regions. They lay clutches of one to three white eggs, which are then incubated for a period of 40 days. The young hornbills remain under the care of both parents for approximately 80 days.

The Silvery-cheeked Hornbill is an omnivorous feeder, with a diet that includes fruits, insects, small birds, rodents, small reptiles, and centipedes. This varied diet reflects the bird's adaptability and skill in foraging within its forested home.

The IUCN Red List currently classifies the Silvery-cheeked Hornbill as Least Concern. However, in Zimbabwe, the species faces threats from habitat destruction, which could impact their numbers in the future.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - RUSSET NAPED WOOD RAIL (Aramides albiventris)

The russet-naped wood rail, also known as the rufous-naped wood rail, is a medium-sized bird with a robust build, characterized by its striking plumage and sturdy legs. Adults typically measure between 33 to 40 cm in length and weigh approximately 450 to 600 grams. Both sexes appear similar, with a thick dark yellow bill tipped in light green, a deep red eye, and legs and feet ranging from red to pink. Their plumage is a tapestry of colors: a slate gray adorns the forehead, crown, and hindneck, while a chestnut patch graces the back of the head. The back is a grayish olive, and the tail is black. A white chin and upper throat transition to gray sides of the neck, lower throat, and upper breast. The breast and upper belly are a pale tawny cinnamon, fading into a pale band that separates them from the black lower belly, vent, and undertail coverts. Juveniles, however, lack the white belly and instead have dark gray underparts with tawny flecks.

When identifying the russet-naped wood rail, look for the distinctive chestnut patch on the back of the head, the pale tawny cinnamon breast, and the black lower belly. The thick bill and red to pink legs are also key features. Juveniles can be distinguished by their lack of a white belly and the presence of tawny flecks on their dark gray underparts.

This species thrives in a variety of environments, both wet and dry. It can be found in marshes, swamp forests, river and stream corridors, thorn forests, semi-evergreen forests, and mangrove forests, as long as dense cover is available.

The russet-naped wood rail is distributed from Mexico to Costa Rica, with five subspecies occupying specific regions. These include eastern Mexico, the Pacific slope of southern Mexico to southern Guatemala and El Salvador, the Yucatán Peninsula through Belize to northern Guatemala, the Caribbean slope of Honduras and Nicaragua, and northeastern Costa Rica.

The russet-naped wood rail is a permanent resident throughout its range, known for its secretive nature. It typically forages in dense vegetation but may also feed in the open, particularly along stream banks. It has been observed feeding in grassy areas near forests as well.

The vocal repertoire of the russet-naped wood rail is quite varied, described as a "rapid, crazed-sounding, rollicking, popping, and clucking series." It produces a range of sounds, from sharp shrieks and harsh cackles to growls when disturbed, as well as low grunting clucks. This bird is most vocal during twilight and nighttime.

The breeding season of the russet-naped wood rail is not well documented, but breeding-condition adults have been noted at various times throughout the year. Its nest is a shallow bowl made of sticks and plant fibers, often situated above water in a bush, vines, or a tree. Clutch sizes range from three to seven eggs, but the incubation period and time to fledging are currently unknown.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - TRUMPETER HORNBILL (Bycanistes bucinator)

The trumpeter hornbill, Bycanistes bucinator, is a medium-sized bird, with a length ranging from 58 to 65 centimeters. It boasts a prominent grey casque atop its bill, which is notably smaller in females. The species exhibits a striking contrast with brown or red eyes set against pink skin. The body weight varies between 0.45 and 1 kilogram.

To identify the trumpeter hornbill, look for its all-black back, white belly, and white underwing coverts, which reveal white tips when the bird is in flight. Another distinctive feature is the red skin on its face, which can help birdwatchers distinguish it from similar species.

This hornbill favors the lush canopy of tropical evergreen forests, where it thrives and contributes to the biodiversity of the ecosystem.

The trumpeter hornbill is a locally common resident in various parts of Africa, including Burundi, Mozambique, Botswana, Congo, the North Pare Mountains of Tanzania, Kenya, the Caprivi strip of Namibia, and eastern South Africa.

A gregarious creature, the trumpeter hornbill typically lives in small groups ranging from two to five individuals, but it can sometimes be found in larger congregations of up to fifty.

During the breeding season, females lay four to five white eggs and incubate them within the sealed nest compartment, a unique behavior among hornbills.

The silvery-cheeked hornbill bears resemblance to our subject but can be differentiated by the trumpeter hornbill's unique coloration and facial skin.

The diet of the trumpeter hornbill consists mainly of fruits and large insects, which it forages from the forest.

The trumpeter hornbill is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, indicating a stable population across its wide range.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - SOUTHERN FISCAL SHRIKE (lanius collaris)

The Southern Fiscal (Lanius collaris), is a striking bird of the shrike family, prevalent throughout much of southern Africa. It is colloquially referred to as the 'jackie hangman' or 'butcher bird', a nod to its unique habit of impaling its prey on acacia thorns, a larder for future feasting. This bird was once considered conspecific with the Northern Fiscal, Lanius humeralis, under the collective title of the Common Fiscal.

Adult Southern Fiscals measure between 21 to 23 centimeters in length. They exhibit a bold dichromatic plumage with crisp white underparts contrasting sharply against their sleek black upperparts. A distinctive white "V" marks their back, and their long black tail is adorned with white outer feathers and white tips. Both sexes possess a black bill, eyes, and legs, with the female distinguished by her rufous lower flanks.

The Southern Fiscal is an adaptable species, inhabiting a variety of environments from grasslands adorned with fences suitable for perching, to acacia thornveld and even woodlands. It tends to avoid overly dense areas that would hinder its hunting prowess.

This bird's range extends across southern and eastern parts of the African continent, including parts of Angola, Namibia, South Africa, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Zambia, Botswana, Tanzania, Malawi, and Zimbabwe.

A solitary hunter, the Southern Fiscal typically perches in exposed locations or atop shrubs, from where it preys on insects and small rodents. Its territorial range is influenced by the availability of perching sites, with an increase in artificial perches leading to a reduction in territory size. The bird's hunting strategies and physiology adapt to seasonal variations, with changes in body temperature, metabolic rate, and hunting methods observed in response to different environmental conditions.

The Southern Fiscal's vocal repertoire includes a mix of shrike-like sounds, ranging from harsh alarm calls to more melodious songs. While its song may sound sweet, it is generally used for territorial defense or pair bonding.

The Southern Fiscal's diet consists primarily of insects and small rodents. It has been noted as a significant predator of the plain tiger butterfly in eastern Africa. Seasonal changes influence its foraging behavior, with the bird adjusting its hunting times, attack rates, and prey size in response to the availability of food.

The IUCN Red List classifies the Southern Fiscal as Least Concern, indicating that the species does not currently face any significant threats to its survival.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - RED WINGED STARLING (Onychognathus morio)

Like other starlings, the red-winged starling is an omnivore, taking a wide range of seeds, berries, nectar from plants such as Aloe and Schotia brachypetala, and invertebrates, such as the beetle species Pachnoda sinuata. They may take nestlings and adults of certain bird species, such as the African palm swift. It will also scavenge on carrion and human food scrap.

The red-winged starling will obviously only perch on plant structures that will be able to support its weight; therefore when taking nectar it will choose certain species with strong, robust racemes with easily accessible flowers, such as that of Aloe ferox and Aloe marlothii, and not Aloe arborescens. Large flowers that can support the bird's weight, such as that of Strelitzia nicolai and certain Protea species, are also chosen.

Fruit species that this species may feed on include figs, such as the sycamore fig and others, marulas, date palm fruit, berries from species such as wild olive Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata and Euphorbia, and commercial fruit such as apples, grapes, citruses and others.

In rural areas, red-winged starlings are often spotted perching on livestock and game, such as cattle, klipspringers and giraffes, a trait shared by the pale-winged starling, and may take insects and ectoparasites such as ticks, much in the manner of oxpeckers.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - GOLDEN PHEASANT (MALE) (Chrysolophus pictus)

The Golden Pheasant, or Chrysolophus pictus, is a resplendent bird belonging to the pheasant family. Its name reflects its regal bearing and the lustrous, golden crest adorning its head. The male is particularly striking with a bright red body and a cape that, when displayed, reveals an eye-catching pattern of black and orange. The female, while more subdued in color, has her own elegance with mottled brown plumage.

Males are unmistakable with their golden crest and rump, red body, and orange 'cape'. Their face is a contrasting rusty tan, and they have a bright yellow eye with a black pupil. The green upper back transitions to a golden-yellow on the lower back and rump. Females are less colorful, resembling the common pheasant but with a longer tail and a buff face and throat.

These birds are native to the mountainous forests of western China, but have been introduced to various other regions where they inhabit similar forested environments.

Beyond their native range in China, Golden Pheasants have established feral populations across the globe, including the United Kingdom, parts of Europe, and North and South America.

Golden Pheasants are ground feeders by day and roost in trees at night. They are known to forage near human settlements in winter and exhibit a preference for running over flying, which they do in short, clumsy bursts.

The male Golden Pheasant emits a metallic call during the breeding season, which is part of its courtship display.

Females lay clutches of 8 to 12 eggs and incubate them for approximately 22-23 days.

Their diet consists of grain, leaves, and invertebrates. In winter, they often feed on wheat leaves and seeds.

2-7-2018 VILLALONGA RESERVOIR, VALENCIA - EPAULET SKIMMER DRAGONFLY (Orthetrum chrysostigma)

Orthetrum chrysostigma, the epaulet skimmer, is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is found in Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Liberia, Libya, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Burundi as well as Canary Islands, Israel, and Portugal. It was recorded in the Maltese Islands in 2010. One was also spotted in Tel Aviv, Israel in August 2022.

2-7-2018 VILLALONGA RESERVOIR, VALENCIA - SARDINIAN WARBLER (MALE) (Sylvia melanocephala)

The Sardinian warbler, Curruca melanocephala, presents itself as a charming and distinctive bird of the Mediterranean. The males are adorned with a sleek grey back and pristine whitish underparts, crowned with a striking black head, a pure white throat, and captivating red eyes. The females, on the other hand, exhibit a more subdued palette, with brown upperparts and buff underparts, complemented by a subtle grey head.

When attempting to identify the Sardinian warbler, look for the male's black head and red eyes, which contrast with the white throat and grey back. Females can be recognized by their brown and buff coloration with a greyish head. The variability in plumage, including the presence or absence of a reddish hue, can be a helpful clue in distinguishing between subspecies.

This typical warbler favors open landscapes and cultivated areas, where it can find bushes suitable for nesting. Its preference for such environments makes it a familiar sight in the Mediterranean countryside.

The Sardinian warbler is a resident of the southernmost regions of Europe, extending its range into Asia in Turkey and the eastern Mediterranean. While not extensively migratory, some individuals do venture to North Africa for the winter, and the species has been known to appear as a vagrant as far as Great Britain.

2-7-2018 RIO SERPIS VILLALONGA, VALENCIA - GREAT WILLOWHERB (Epilobium hirsutum)

Epilobium hirsutum is a flowering plant belonging to the willowherb genus Epilobium in the family Onagraceae. It is commonly known as the great willowherb, great hairy willowherb or hairy willowherb.[2] Local names include codlins-and-cream, apple-pie and cherry-pie.

It is a tall, perennial plant, reaching up to 2 metres in height. The robust stems are profusely hairy with soft spreading hairs. The hairy leaves are 2–12 cm long and 0.5–3.5 cm wide. They are long and thin and are widest below the middle. They have sharply toothed edges and no stalk. The large flowers have four notched petals. These are purple-pink and are usually 10–16 mm long. There are 8 stamens. The stigma is white and has four lobes. The sepals are green.

It is relatively easy to distinguish from similar species at least in much of its European range, where its flowers are among species of its genus present there.

The native range of the species includes North Africa, most of Europe up to southern Sweden, and parts of Asia. It is absent from much of Scandinavia and north-west Scotland. It has been introduced to North America and Australia.

It typically grows in wet or damp habitats without dense tree-cover up to 2,500 metres above sea-level. Common habitats include marshland and the banks of rivers and streams. It also occurs in anthropogenic contexts such as wet ditches and in general in places rich in nitrates. It flowers from June to September, with a peak in July and August.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - DEMOISELLE CRANE (Anthropoides virgo)

The Demoiselle Crane, Grus virgo, is the smallest member of the crane family, presenting an elegant figure with a length of 85–100 cm (33.5–39.5 in), standing 76 cm (30 in) tall, and boasting a wingspan of 155–180 cm (61–71 in). Weighing between 2–3 kg (4.4–6.6 lb), it is characterized by its delicate stature and maiden-like appearance, which earned its name from Queen Marie Antoinette.

This species can be distinguished by its long white neck stripe and a notable black plumage that extends from the foreneck down over the chest in a plume. Although similar in plumage to the common crane, the Demoiselle Crane is slightly smaller in size.

The Demoiselle Crane inhabits a range of environments across central Eurosiberia, from the Black Sea to Mongolia and Northeast China, with a small breeding population also found in Turkey.

As migratory birds, those from western Eurasia winter in Africa, while their Asian counterparts, including those from Mongolia and China, spend the winter in the Indian subcontinent.

The Demoiselle Crane is known for its balletic dancing display, which is considered more graceful and less leaping than that of the common crane. This species also undertakes long migratory journeys and has inspired various cultural references due to its graceful form and migratory patterns.

25-3-2018 TABLE MOUNTAIN AVIARY, CAPE TOWN - FULVOUS WHISTLING DUCK (Dendrocygna bicolor)

The Fulvous Whistling Duck, or Fulvous Tree Duck (Dendrocygna bicolor), is a medium-sized, long-legged member of the waterfowl family Anatidae. It is characterized by its rich buff head, neck, and breast, with a darker back and mantle. The species exhibits a striking white band across its black tail when in flight, and possesses a long grey bill and grey legs.

Adults measure between 45–53 cm in length, with a wingspan of 85 to 93 cm. Males weigh between 748–1,050 g, while females are slightly lighter. The plumage is mainly reddish-brown, with a dark stripe running down the back of the neck. In flight, the lack of white markings on the wings and the white crescent on the rump are distinctive. The call is a clear whistling kee-wee-ooo, often heard at night.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck favors wetlands with abundant vegetation, such as shallow lakes and paddy fields. It avoids wooded areas and is typically found in lowland marshes and swamps.

This species has a vast range, breeding across tropical regions in Mexico, South America, the West Indies, the southern United States, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Indian subcontinent. It is known for seasonal movements in response to water and food availability.

Often found in small groups, these ducks can form large flocks in preferred habitats. They are adept walkers and feed by upending or occasionally diving. They are not habitual tree perchers and fly at low altitudes in loose flocks. They are vocal and display aggression through head movements.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck is known for its distinctive whistling call, a kee-wee-ooo, which can be heard both in flight and on the ground. A harsh repeated kee is also heard during disputes.

Breeding coincides with water availability, with lifelong monogamous pairs. The nest is built on the ground or in tree holes, with a typical clutch of around ten whitish eggs. Incubation is shared by both parents, and ducklings hatch in 24–29 days, leaving the nest shortly after.

The Lesser Whistling Duck is similar but smaller, with a blackish crown and no dark neck stripe. Juvenile Comb Ducks are bulkier and have a dark cap on the head.

The diet consists mainly of plant material, including seeds and stems. During breeding, females may consume more animal matter. They forage by walking, swimming, upending, or occasionally diving.

The Fulvous Whistling Duck is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN, with an estimated population of 1.3 to 1.5 million individuals globally. Despite declines in some areas, the species' large numbers and extensive range contribute to its status. It is subject to hunting and habitat loss in some regions but has shown strong colonizing tendencies, expanding its range in recent decades.