Wednesday, 10 March 2021
Tuesday, 9 March 2021
9-3-2021 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - MOTTLED STINK BUG (Rhaphigaster nebulosa)
Rhaphigaster nebulosa, common name mottled shieldbug, is a species of stink bug that belongs to the family Pentatomidae. It is native to Europe.
This species is distributed throughout the Palearctic region, more commonly in the southern than in the northern parts of Central Europe (Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom), and is not known to occur in the United States.
Mottled shieldbugs prefer warm deciduous forests, parks and gardens.
Rhaphigaster nebulosa can reach a length of 14–16 millimetres (0.55–0.63 in). These large shieldbugs are hairless and coloured dirty yellowish-grey to brown with irregularly-distributed fovea on the top side of its body. The membrane of the forewings is often speckled dark brown, although these speckles are quite variable in extent. The lateral edge (connexivum) of the abdomen has black and yellow markings. The antennae are ringed with black and yellow markings on the 3rd to 5th segments. The underside of the body is light coloured and shows dark spots. On its underside, between the hips (on the 1st sternite), there is a long spur or spine. This species is similar to Dolycoris baccarum, but it lacks hairs.
Other species of Rhaphigaster can be confused with this species. In R. nebulosa, the spur on the underside is long enough to reach at least the anterior margin of the procoxae (shorter in R. brevispina). The femurs, mainly the hind femurs, have an isolated black spot on the anteroventral side of the apical half (absent in R. haraldi). The last tarsomere of each leg is largely blackish, and sometimes the first and second tarsomeres have brown or black apices (in R. haraldi all tarsomeres are pale).
Mottled shieldbugs are polyphagous, feeding on sap from a range of broadleaved woody plants such as birch and hazel (Betulaceae); Arbutus (Ericaceae); beech and oak (Fagaceae); plane tree (Platanaceae); hawthorn, apple, plum and whitebeam (Rosaceae); Johnson grass (Poaceae); poplar and willow (Salicaceae); and Ulmus minor (Ulmaceae). They are also known to feed on freshly dead insects such as leaf beetle larvae.
Friday, 5 March 2021
4-3-2021 DEVESA, VALENCIA - BLACK REDSTART (FEMALE) (Phoenicurus ochruros)
The Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) is a small, charismatic passerine bird, exhibiting a blend of dark and vibrant plumage. Males are distinguished by their dark grey to black upperparts and breast, with a striking orange-red rump and tail. Females and juveniles are more subdued in color, with grey to grey-brown feathers and the same vivid tail coloration that is the hallmark of the species.
Adult males are easily identified by their dark upperparts and black breast, contrasting with the orange-red lower rump and tail. The belly and undertail may vary from blackish-grey to orange-red, depending on the subspecies. Females and juveniles are less conspicuous, with overall greyer tones and a distinctive orange-red rump and tail. The presence of pale fringes on the secondaries forms a whitish wing panel in some subspecies.
The Black Redstart has adapted remarkably to urban environments, often found nesting in crevices or holes within buildings. Originally a dweller of stony mountainous regions, it now thrives in industrial areas with similar structural features.
This species is widely distributed across south and central Europe, Asia, and north-west Africa. It is a resident in milder regions, while populations in the northeast migrate to warmer areas during winter.
The Black Redstart is known for its robin-like movements, including quick ducks of the head and body, and frequent tail flicking. Males possess a rattling song and a tick call, adding to their distinctive presence.
The Black Redstart's vocal repertoire includes a variety of calls, which differ among subspecies. The male's song is a rattling melody, while its call is a sharp 'tick', often heard during its active foraging.
Typically monogamous, the Black Redstart begins breeding in mid-April. Nests are built by females in sheltered nooks, lined with soft materials. Clutches consist of 4 to 6 eggs, incubated primarily by the female. Both parents tend to the fledglings, which leave the nest after 12 to 19 days.
Thursday, 4 March 2021
4-3-2021 DEVESA PLAYA, VALENCIA - EURASIAN GREAT CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax carbo)
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The great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), a robust seabird, is cloaked in predominantly black plumage. It is a member of the cormorant family, with a widespread distribution. The species exhibits considerable size variation across its range, with males generally larger than females. Notable features include a longish tail and a distinctive yellow throat-patch. During the breeding season, adults boast white patches on their thighs and throat.
To identify the great cormorant, look for its large size, heavy build, and thick bill. It lacks a crest and its plumage does not have a green tinge, distinguishing it from the common shag. In North America, it is bulkier than the double-crested cormorant and has less yellow on the throat and bill. The white thigh patches are a key identifier.
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Great cormorants are found in a variety of aquatic environments including seas, estuaries, freshwater lakes, and rivers. They often nest in colonies close to these water bodies.
This species has a broad distribution, breeding across the Old World, Australia, and the Atlantic coast of North America. Northern populations tend to migrate southward in winter, seeking coasts rich in fish.
Great cormorants are generally silent but may emit guttural noises at breeding colonies. They are known for their wing-drying posture, often seen with wings outstretched to dry after diving.
Mostly silent, the great cormorant vocalizes with guttural sounds in the vicinity of its breeding colonies.
Great cormorants typically nest in colonies near wetlands, rivers, or sheltered inshore waters, often returning to the same site annually. Their nests are constructed from sticks and can be located in trees, on cliff ledges, or on predator-free ground. They lay clutches of three to five pale blue or green eggs, which are incubated for about 28 to 31 days.
4-3-2021 EL SALER, VALENCIA - EUROPEAN ROBIN (Erithacus rubecula)
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The European robin (Erithacus rubecula) is a small insectivorous passerine bird. The term robin is also applied to some birds in other families with red or orange breasts. These include the American robin (Turdus migratorius ), a thrush, and the Australasian robins of the family Petroicidae.
The male and female European robins are similar in coloration, with an orange breast and face lined with grey, brown upperparts, and a whitish belly. The bill and eyes are black. Juveniles are spotted brown and white in coloration, with patches of orange gradually appearing.
4-3-2021 ULLAL DE BALDOVI, VALENCIA - WILD MUSTARD (Sinapis arvensis)
Wild Mustard (Sinapis arvensis) is an edible, fast-growing winter annual weed belonging to the cabbage family (Brassicaceae). Native to the Mediterranean region, it thrives in sunny, disturbed soils—like roadsides and vacant lots. Easily identified by its bright yellow, four-petaled flowers, its seeds can survive in the soil for up to 60 years.
Physical Characteristics
Height & Stems: Grows erect, reaching up to 1 to 1.5 meters. The stems are slightly hairy, sometimes with reddish patches at the branching nodes.
Leaves: Alternate leaves that are not arranged in a basal rosette. Lower leaves are lobed and toothed, while upper leaves are smaller, stalkless, and narrower.
Flowers: Bright yellow blooms with four petals grouped in dense clusters.
Seed Pods: Following the bloom, the plant produces elongated, cylinder-shaped pods (called siliques) that contain round, black-to-purple seeds.
Ecology & Agricultural Impact
Habitat: Commonly found in agricultural grainfields, pastures, waste grounds, and roadsides. It strongly prefers sunny conditions and calcareous (lime-rich) soils.
Persistence: Individual plants can produce 2,000 to 3,500 seeds, which can remain viable in the soil for over half a century.
Weed Status: Considered an invasive and harmful agricultural weed, it is notorious for hosting crop pests, nematodes, and fungi that damage cultivated vegetables like cabbage, broccoli, and canola.
Toxicity: The seeds contain glucosinolates, which can cause severe digestive illness in livestock and mammals if consumed in large quantities.
Foraging & Culinary Use
Edibility: All above-ground parts of the plant are edible. The young leaves have a hot, peppery, and distinctively mustard-like taste, and the flowers can be used as a colorful, spicy garnish.
Historical Significance: During the 18th-century European famine crises (especially in Ireland), the plant served as a survival food for many, although excessive consumption caused diarrhea.
Seeds: When crushed, the seeds can be used to make a spicy condiment, and an oil can be extracted from them for industrial machinery.
Caution: Because wild mustard can accumulate nitrates, consult authoritative urban foraging guides such as Pip Magazine or the North Carolina Extension Gardener Toolbox before consuming any wild-harvested plants.
4-3-2021 ULLAL DE BALDOVI, VALENCIA - CURSED CROWFOOT (Ranunculus sceleratus)
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Key Facts About Cursed Crowfoot
The Name Origin: The genus name Ranunculus stems from the Latin for "little frog", referencing its preferred habitat in marshes, wet ditches, and streambanks.
Toxicity: All parts of the plant contain protoanemonin. While the toxin degrades as the plant dries out, handling it fresh can result in painful dermatitis, blisters, and inflammation. If ingested, it causes burning of the mouth and severe gastrointestinal distress.
Historical Folklore: Legend states that ancient beggars used the irritating sap to induce artificial sores and rashes on their skin to provoke public pity and boost their earnings.
Appearance: It features stout, smooth, hollow stems reaching up to 2 feet tall. It produces tiny, bright yellow flowers (about \(\frac{1}{3}\) inch across) with five petals and a very distinct, elongated cylindrical seed head in the center.
Ecological Status: Despite its toxicity to livestock and humans, it holds a "Least Concern" conservation status and serves as a naturalized wetland feature throughout much of the Northern Hemisphere.
4-3-2021 ULLAL DE BALDOVI, VALENCIA - YELLOW IRIS (Iris pseudacorus)
Iris pseudacorus, the yellow flag, yellow iris, or water flag, is a species of flowering plant in the family Iridaceae. It is native to Europe, western Asia and northwest Africa. Its specific epithet pseudacorus means "false acorus", referring to the similarity of its leaves to those of Acorus calamus (sweet flag), as they have a prominently veined mid-rib and sword-like shape. However, the two plants are not closely related. The flower is commonly attributed with the fleur-de-lis.
The plant was rated in second place for per day nectar production per flower in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project, which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. However, when number of flowers per floral unit, flower abundance, and phenology were taken into account, it dropped out of the top 10 for most nectar per unit cover per year, as did all plants that placed in the top ten, with the exception of common comfrey, Symphytum officinale.
4-3-2021 DEVESA, VALENCIA - EUROPEAN WOOD MOUSE (Apodemus sylvaticus)
The wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus) is a murid rodent native to Europe and northwestern Africa. It is closely related to the yellow-necked mouse (A. flavicollis) but differs in that it has no band of yellow fur around the neck, has slightly smaller ears, and is usually slightly smaller overall: around 90 mm (3.54 in) in length and 23 g in weight. It is found across most of Europe and is a very common and widespread species, is commensal with people and is sometimes considered a pest. Other common names are long-tailed field mouse, field mouse, common field mouse, and European wood mouse. This species is a known potential carrier of the Dobrava sequence of hantavirus which affects humans and may pose serious risks to human health.[4]
Upper front teeth with a smooth inner surface which distinguish the wood mouse from the house mouse
Wood mice inhabit forests, grasslands, and cultivated fields, tending to seek out more wooded areas in winter. Almost entirely nocturnal and terrestrial, wood mice burrow extensively, build nests of plants and live in buildings during harsh seasons. It is one of the most intensively studied species in the genus. In Europe, it ranges north to Scandinavia and east to Ukraine. The wood mouse is also found in northwestern Africa and on many Mediterranean islands.
Wood mice are primarily seed eaters,particularly seeds of trees such as oak, beech, ash, lime, hawthorn and sycamore. If seeds are plentiful on the ground, they carry them back to their nests/burrows for storage. They may eat small invertebrates such as snails and insects, particularly in late spring and early summer when seeds are least available. Later in the season they will eat berries, fruits, fungi and roots. In winter, they may prey on hibernating bats, but this is still debatable.
Wood mice are mainly active during the dark, probably having evolved so to avoid predation, employing several anti-predatory strategies, though breeding females may be more active in daylight in order to collect sufficient food. While foraging, wood mice pick up and distribute visually conspicuous objects, such as leaves and twigs, which they then use as landmarks during exploration. If a wood mouse is caught by its tail, it can quickly shed the end of it, which may never regrow. Despite its name, it prefers hedgerows to woodland. During the colder months, wood mice do not hibernate; however, during severe winter seasons they can fall into a torpid state, a decrease in physiological activity.
Predators of wood mice include foxes, snakes, weasels, cats, dogs, and birds of prey such as owls.
The wood mouse has a breeding season from February to October in which multiple matings occur between males and females, resulting in scramble competition. Such behavioral characteristics result in sperm competition and multiple paternity litters. The society is polygynous with copulation resulting from scramble competition during reproductive periods. Males possess a sac known as the cauda epididymis, which stores sperm and lies underneath the scrotal protrusion. Temperature regulation ensures maximum sperm output.
4-3-2021 CREU DE LONGA, VALENCIA - LESSER BLACK BACKED GULL (JUVENILE) (Larus fuscus)
The lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus) is a large gull, distinguishable by its size and the coloration of its plumage. It is smaller than the European herring gull and exhibits a range of mantle colors across its subspecies, from dark grey to jet black.
Adult lesser black-backed gulls have yellow legs and a yellow bill with a red spot. Their wings and back are either black or dark grey, depending on the subspecies. In winter, the head becomes greyer. Juveniles display scaly black-brown upperparts and a distinctive wing pattern. They can be differentiated from juvenile herring gulls by their darker, unbarred tertial feathers.
This species is found along coasts and lakes, where it breeds and feeds. It has adapted to urban environments in some cities, nesting alongside herring gulls.
The lesser black-backed gull breeds on the Atlantic coasts of Europe and is migratory, wintering from the British Isles to West Africa. It has expanded its range to North America, particularly along the east coast, where it is now present year-round in increasing numbers.
Wednesday, 3 March 2021
2-3-2021 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - HORSE CHESTNUT MOTH (Pachycnemia hippocastanaria)
The Horse Chestnut Moth (Pachycnemia hippocastanaria) is a geometer moth species with a wingspan of 28-32 mm. Despite its scientific and common names, its larvae feed exclusively on heaths like Heather (Calluna) and Cross-leaved Heath (Erica).
Key Biological and Habitat Facts:
Distribution: Found throughout Europe, it is classified as "Least Concern" but is considered "Nationally Scarce" in certain areas like Britain.
Habitat: Typically thrives in sandy areas, heathlands, moorlands, and pine forests.
Flight Period: Bivoltine, flying in two broods: a primary flight in April and May, and a partial, smaller second brood in August.
Life Cycle: The larvae consume leaves from the Ericaceae family and the species over-winters in the pupal stage.
Identification:The moth is distinct but can easily be mistaken for a micro-moth due to its size and resting posture, though it is technically a macro-moth.The name remains a mystery as the adult moths have absolutely no documented association with Horse Chestnut trees.
2-3-2021 MONTE CORONA, VALENCIA - HORSE CHESTNUT MOTH (Pachycnemia hippocastanaria)
The Horse Chestnut Moth (Pachycnemia hippocastanaria) is a geometer moth species with a wingspan of 28-32 mm. Despite its scientific and common names, its larvae feed exclusively on heaths like Heather (Calluna) and Cross-leaved Heath (Erica).
Key Biological and Habitat Facts:
Distribution: Found throughout Europe, it is classified as "Least Concern" but is considered "Nationally Scarce" in certain areas like Britain.
Habitat: Typically thrives in sandy areas, heathlands, moorlands, and pine forests.
Flight Period: Bivoltine, flying in two broods: a primary flight in April and May, and a partial, smaller second brood in August.
Life Cycle: The larvae consume leaves from the Ericaceae family and the species over-winters in the pupal stage.
Identification:The moth is distinct but can easily be mistaken for a micro-moth due to its size and resting posture, though it is technically a macro-moth.The name remains a mystery as the adult moths have absolutely no documented association with Horse Chestnut trees.
Tuesday, 2 March 2021
17-4-2018 CHOBE RIVER, BOTSWANA - BLACK HERON (Egretta ardesiaca)
The black heron, also known as the black egret, is a medium-sized bird, cloaked in an alluring black plumage that is complemented by a similarly hued bill and contrasting yellow feet. During the breeding season, it adorns itself with elegant long plumes that grace its crown and nape, adding to its mystique.
To identify the black heron, look for its distinctive black coloration and yellow feet. The bird stands between 42.5 to 66 cm tall and weighs approximately 0.27 to 0.39 kg. The breeding plumage, with its extended plumes on the head and neck, is particularly noteworthy.
The black heron is partial to shallow open waters, where it can be found along the edges of freshwater lakes and ponds. Its habitat also extends to marshes, riverbanks, rice fields, and seasonally flooded grasslands. In coastal regions, it frequents tidal rivers, creeks, alkaline lakes, and tidal flats.
This species is patchily distributed throughout Sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal and Sudan down to South Africa, with a strong presence on the eastern half of the continent and in Madagascar. There have been occasional sightings in Greece and Italy.
The black heron is renowned for its unique hunting method known as canopy feeding, where it creates a shade with its wings to lure fish—a behavior that has captivated audiences in documentaries. It can feed solitarily or in groups, sometimes amassing in numbers up to 200. These herons are diurnal feeders with a preference for dusk and roost communally at night. Coastal flocks are known to roost at high tide.
Adept at fishing, the black heron's diet primarily consists of small fish, but it will also consume aquatic insects, crustaceans, and amphibians to satisfy its nutritional needs.
The black heron nests at the onset of the rainy season, either alone or in mixed-species colonies that can number in the hundreds. Its nests are constructed from twigs and are situated over water in trees, bushes, or reed beds. The eggs are described as dark blue, and a typical clutch comprises two to four eggs.
17-4-2018 CHOBE RIVER, BOTSWANA - WHITE HEADED LAPWING (Vanellus albiceps)
The White-crowned Lapwing, also known as the White-headed Lapwing, White-headed Plover, or White-crowned Plover, is a medium-sized wader that presents a striking appearance. Its upper body is adorned with a brown back, while the wings and tail exhibit a bold black and white pattern. The underparts are a clean white. The head is particularly distinctive with a grey base, a brilliant white crown, and a white foreneck. Adding to its unique visage are the yellow eyering, facial wattles, and legs. Both sexes and juveniles share a similar plumage, making them indistinguishable in the field.
When attempting to identify the White-crowned Lapwing, look for the unmistakable combination of its white crown, grey head, and the contrasting black and white patterns on its wings and tail. The yellow eyering and wattles are also key features that aid in its identification.
This species is typically found in tropical Africa, favoring habitats near large rivers. It thrives in areas where sand or shingle is exposed, providing suitable breeding grounds.
The White-crowned Lapwing is a resident bird throughout tropical Africa, maintaining a presence year-round near its preferred riverine environments.
The White-crowned Lapwing is known for its breeding behavior, where it lays 2-3 eggs in a ground scrape near rivers. It is fiercely protective of its nest and young, defending them with vigor against any potential threats, regardless of size. Outside of breeding season, it is common to see these birds feeding in small flocks, where they forage for insects and other small invertebrates.
17-4-2018 CHOBE RIVER, BOTSWANA - GREATER KUDU (Tragelaphus Strepsiceros)
The Greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) is a woodland antelope found in Africa. Despite occupying such widespread territory, Greater kudus are sparsely populated in most areas due to declining habitat, deforestation, and poaching.
Greater kudus have a narrow body with long legs, and their coats can range from brown/bluish-grey to reddish-brown. They possess between 4 and 12 vertical white stripes along their torso. The head is usually darker in color than the rest of the body and exhibits a small white v-shaped mark that runs between the eyes. Bulls tend to be much larger than cows, and vocalize much more; they also have beards running along their throats and large horns with two and a half twists.
The range of Greater kudu extends from the east in Ethiopia, Tanzania, Eritrea, and Kenya into the south where they are found in Zambia, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and South Africa. Other regions where they occur are the Central African Republic, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Malawi, Mozambique, Somalia, Swaziland, and Uganda. These antelopes live in mixed scrub woodlands and bush on abandoned fields and degraded pastures, mopane bush, and acacia in lowlands, hills, and mountains. They will occasionally venture onto plains only if there is a large abundance of bushes but normally avoid such open areas to avoid becoming an easy target for their predators.
Greater kudus are social animals that live in groups within their home areas. Females usually form small groups of 6-10 with their offspring, but sometimes they can form a herd of up to 20 individuals. Male kudus may form small bachelor groups, but they are more commonly found as solitary and widely dispersed individuals. Solitary males will join the group of females and calves only during the mating season. Home ranges of maternal herds can overlap with other maternal herds while home ranges of adult males generally encompass the ranges of two or three female groups. Greater kudus may be active throughout the 24-hour day. During the day, they normally cease to be active and instead seek cover under woodland, especially during hot days. They feed and drink in the early morning and late afternoon, acquiring water from waterholes or roots and bulbs that have high water content. When a herd is threatened by predators, an adult (usually female) will issue a bark to alert the rest of the herd. Greater kudus communicate using many other vocalizations, including low grunts, clucks, humming, and gasping.
Monday, 1 March 2021
1-3-2021 PUERTO DE GANDIA, VALENCIA - EURASIAN GREAT CORMORANT (Phalacrocorax carbo)
The great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), also known as just cormorant in Britain, as black shag or kawau in New Zealand, formerly also known as the great black cormorant across the Northern Hemisphere, the black cormorant in Australia, and the large cormorant in India, is a widespread member of the cormorant family of seabirds. It breeds in much of the Old World, Australasia, and the Atlantic coast of North America.
The great cormorant was formally described in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Pelecanus carbo. Linnaeus specified the type location as "Europe", but this was restricted to the "rock-nesting form of the north Atlantic Ocean" by the German ornithologist Ernst Hartert in 1920. The great cormorant is now one of 12 species placed in the genus Phalacrocorax that was introduced in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson. The genus name is Latinised Ancient Greek, from φαλακρός (phalakros, "bald") and κόραξ (korax, "raven"); the specific epithet carbo is Latin for "charcoal".
This is a very common and widespread bird species. It feeds at sea in inshore waters, in estuaries, and on freshwater lakes and rivers. Northern birds migrate south to escape waters that freeze in winter, moving to any coast or freshwater that is unfrozen and well-supplied with fish; in warmer areas, birds disperse locally. They only rarely cross larger bodies of water such as the North Sea.
The type subspecies, P. c. carbo, is found mainly in Atlantic waters and nearby inland areas, on northwestern European coasts, the Faroe Islands, Iceland and Greenland, and on the northeastern seaboard of North America. The widespread continental subspecies P. c. sinensis occurs on most of mainland Europe and east across the Palearctic to Siberia and southeastern Asia. The subspecies P. c. novaehollandiae is found in Australian and New Zealand waters.
The great cormorant nests in colonies near wetlands, rivers, and sheltered inshore waters. Pairs will use the same nest site to breed year after year. It builds its nest, which is made from sticks, in trees, on the ledges of cliffs, and on the ground on rocky islands that are free of predators. They lay a clutch of three to five eggs that measure 63 by 41 millimetres (2+1⁄2 by 1+5⁄8 in) on average. The eggs are a pale blue or green, and sometimes have a white chalky layer covering them. These eggs are incubated for a period of about 28 to 31 days.
The great cormorant feeds on fish caught through diving. Birds at the Chausey Islands feed primarily on wrasses, but also takes sand smelt, flathead and common soles. The average weight of fish taken by great cormorants increases with decreasing air and water temperature. Cormorants consume all fish of appropriate size that they are able to catch in summer and noticeably select for larger, mostly torpedo-shaped fish in winter. In winter, the foraging efficiency described for cormorants by various researchers is increased by capturing larger fish, not due to capturing more fish. In some freshwater systems, the take of fish by overwintering great cormorants was estimated to be up to 80 kg per ha per year (e.g. Vltava River, Czech Republic).
It forages by foot-propelled diving and capturing its prey in its beak. The duration of its dives varies from 1–3 minutes, with the bird diving to depths of up to a maximum of 9.5 metres (31 ft). About 60% of dives are to the benthic zone and about 10% are to the pelagic zone, with the rest of the dives being to zones in between the two. Studies suggest that their hearing has evolved for underwater usage, possibly aiding their detection of fish. These adaptations also have a cost on their hearing ability in air which is of lowered sensitivity.
Many fishermen see in the great cormorant a competitor for fish. Because of this, it was hunted nearly to extinction in the past. Due to conservation efforts, its numbers increased. At the moment, there are about 1.2 million birds in Europe (based on winter counts; late summer counts would show higher numbers). Increasing populations have once again brought the cormorant into conflict with fisheries.For example, in Britain, where inland breeding was once uncommon, there are now increasing numbers of birds breeding inland, and many inland fish farms and fisheries now claim to be suffering high losses due to these birds. In the UK each year, some licences are issued to cull specified numbers of cormorants in order to help reduce predation; it is, however, still illegal to kill a bird without such a licence.
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