The Eurasian crag martin, Ptyonoprogne rupestris, is a small, robust passerine of the swallow family. Measuring approximately 14 cm (5.5 in) in length, it is characterized by ash-brown upperparts and paler underparts. Its tail is short and square, adorned with distinctive white patches on most feathers, a feature that is particularly noticeable in flight.
When observing the Eurasian crag martin, look for its broader body, wings, and tail compared to other European swallows. The white patches near the tips of the tail feathers are a key distinguishing mark. Both sexes appear similar, while juveniles can be identified by buff-brown tips on their head, upperparts, and wing coverts.
This species favors dry, warm, and sheltered cliffs in mountainous regions, often found at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 2,700 meters, and up to 5,000 meters in Central Asia. They are also increasingly utilizing man-made structures for nesting.
The Eurasian crag martin breeds across southern Europe, northwestern Africa, and the Palearctic, extending to southwestern and northeastern China. Northern populations are migratory, wintering in regions such as northern Africa and the Indian subcontinent.
Outside of breeding, the Eurasian crag martin is gregarious, forming sizable flocks. During breeding, pairs may nest solitarily or in small colonies, aggressively defending their territory. They exhibit a slower flight pattern for a swallow, with rapid wing beats interspersed with glides.
The vocal repertoire includes short high 'pli' sounds, and 'piieh' and 'tshir' calls, reminiscent of the linnet and the house martin, respectively.
Nesting from May to August, the Eurasian crag martin constructs a neat half-cup mud nest with a soft lining, often under cliff overhangs or on man-made structures. Clutches typically consist of two to five brown-blotched white eggs, incubated mainly by the female.
Insects form the bulk of its diet, captured in flight near cliff faces or over water bodies. The species feeds close to its breeding sites, which may make it susceptible to local fluctuations in insect availability.
